Pathophysiology NU545 Unit 2 Exam
Review Questions With Solved
Solutions.
Pineal Gland - Answer (epithalamus) has connections and functions closely associated with those of
the limbic system
-Keeps you awake.
-hormones secreted from pineal gland influence reproductive ability
-secretes Melatonin associated with circadian rhythms
Prefrontal Area - Answer -Controlling thought
-short-term memory -elaboration of thought
-inhibition of limbic (emotional) areas of CNS
Broca Area - Answer -Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
Wernicke Area - Answer -Controlling receptive and interpretive aspects of speech
-located on the superior temporal gyrus
-Dysfunction may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Hypothalamus - Answer -Controlling emotions and behavior
-maintains constant internal environment
-integrative centers control ANS function
-regulates body temp., endocrine functions, and emotional expression
Cerebellum - Answer -Maintaining balance and posture, controls conscious and unconscious muscle
synergy
,-accomplished through extensive neural connections from the spinal cord and medulla oblongota
through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and with the midbrain and higher structures through the
superior cerebellar peduncle.
Arachnoid Villi - Answer -protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie within the
blood flow of the venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous
sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood flow into the
subarachnoid space
CSF - Answer -derived from blood and returns to blood after circulating throughout the CNS
Parkinson's Disease - Answer -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus Pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra)
-loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of the
putamen
-loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and cortex
Parkinson's Disease - Answer -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally facilitates
movement) and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally inhibits movement)
Hunington's Disease - Answer -known as chorea
-Rare, hereditary-degenerative disorder diffusely involving the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen
nuclei) and the frontal cortex
-Degeneration leaves enlarged lateral ventricles
CSF - Answer -clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
-protects intracranial structures and spinal cord structures from jolts and blows
-prevents tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
CSF - Answer -produced in choroid plexus in the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles
, -is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through arachnoid villi, located primarily located superior to
the falx cerebri in the superior sagittal sinus
Gate Control Theory - Answer -Pain is transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses transmitted
to the spinal cord by large A-Delta an C fibers
-small fiber input inhibits cells in the substantia gelatinosa "opens the pain gate" enhancing pain
perception
-Does not explain phantom limb pain
A-Delta fibers - Answer -Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating rapid
reactions to stimuli (fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber type to reach the
spinal cord
C-Fibers - Answer -(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the transmission of diffuse
burning or aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type to reach the
spinal cord.
Nocioceptors - Answer -Primary order neurons, free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous
system that selectively respond to different chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli
-Categorized by the stimulus they respond to and properties of axons associated with them.
A-Beta Fibers - Answer -large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
Pain perception - Answer -Conscious awareness of pain .
Sensory-Discriminative system - Answer -Mediated by the somatosensory cortex and is responsible for
identifying the presence, character, location, and intensity of pain.
Review Questions With Solved
Solutions.
Pineal Gland - Answer (epithalamus) has connections and functions closely associated with those of
the limbic system
-Keeps you awake.
-hormones secreted from pineal gland influence reproductive ability
-secretes Melatonin associated with circadian rhythms
Prefrontal Area - Answer -Controlling thought
-short-term memory -elaboration of thought
-inhibition of limbic (emotional) areas of CNS
Broca Area - Answer -Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
Wernicke Area - Answer -Controlling receptive and interpretive aspects of speech
-located on the superior temporal gyrus
-Dysfunction may result in receptive aphasia or dysphasia
Hypothalamus - Answer -Controlling emotions and behavior
-maintains constant internal environment
-integrative centers control ANS function
-regulates body temp., endocrine functions, and emotional expression
Cerebellum - Answer -Maintaining balance and posture, controls conscious and unconscious muscle
synergy
,-accomplished through extensive neural connections from the spinal cord and medulla oblongota
through the inferior cerebellar peduncle and with the midbrain and higher structures through the
superior cerebellar peduncle.
Arachnoid Villi - Answer -protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie within the
blood flow of the venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the cerebral venous
sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood flow into the
subarachnoid space
CSF - Answer -derived from blood and returns to blood after circulating throughout the CNS
Parkinson's Disease - Answer -Degenerative disorder of basal ganglia (corpus striatum, globus Pallidus,
subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra)
-loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra with dopaminergic defeciency of the
putamen
-loss of dopamine also occurs in brainstem, thalamus, and cortex
Parkinson's Disease - Answer -Results in underactivity of the direct motor pathway (normally facilitates
movement) and overactivity of the indirect motor loop (normally inhibits movement)
Hunington's Disease - Answer -known as chorea
-Rare, hereditary-degenerative disorder diffusely involving the basal ganglia (caudate and putamen
nuclei) and the frontal cortex
-Degeneration leaves enlarged lateral ventricles
CSF - Answer -clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma and interstitial fluid
-protects intracranial structures and spinal cord structures from jolts and blows
-prevents tugging on meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
CSF - Answer -produced in choroid plexus in the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles
, -is reabsorbed into the venous circulation through arachnoid villi, located primarily located superior to
the falx cerebri in the superior sagittal sinus
Gate Control Theory - Answer -Pain is transmission is modulated by a balance of impulses transmitted
to the spinal cord by large A-Delta an C fibers
-small fiber input inhibits cells in the substantia gelatinosa "opens the pain gate" enhancing pain
perception
-Does not explain phantom limb pain
A-Delta fibers - Answer -Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating rapid
reactions to stimuli (fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber type to reach the
spinal cord
C-Fibers - Answer -(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the transmission of diffuse
burning or aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type to reach the
spinal cord.
Nocioceptors - Answer -Primary order neurons, free nerve endings in the afferent peripheral nervous
system that selectively respond to different chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli
-Categorized by the stimulus they respond to and properties of axons associated with them.
A-Beta Fibers - Answer -large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
Pain perception - Answer -Conscious awareness of pain .
Sensory-Discriminative system - Answer -Mediated by the somatosensory cortex and is responsible for
identifying the presence, character, location, and intensity of pain.
