N115 Exam 1 Week 2 Exam Study Guide

N115 Exam 1 Week 2 Exam Study Guide solute and solvent - Ans:-Solute is like salt Solvent is like water and you mix them now you got a solution body fluids - Ans:-Intracellular (K+ is usually intra) Extracellular (NaCl- is usually extra) Osmosis - Ans:-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane osmolarity vs osmolality - Ans:-milliosmoles in a liter vs milliosmoles in a kilogram isoosmotic hyperosmotic hypoosmotic - Ans:-Stays neutral Salty and causes cell to shrink Watery and causes cell to swell ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/9 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Basics - Ans:-Fluid balance is closely linked to/affected by electrolyte concentrations Age, gender, fat affect amount and distribution of body fluids Fluid intake is regulated through thirst drive Fluid loss occurs through several routes (e.g., kidney, skin, lungs, intestinal tract) Regulation of Fluid Balance - Hormones - Ans:-Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone Natriuretic peptides Key Electrolytes - Ans:-Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Sodium Normal level - Ans:-136 to 145 mmol/L Potassium Normal Level and intake means - Ans:-Normal plasma level: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L Highest in meat, fish, many vegetables, and fruits ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/9 Calcium Basics - Ans:--Enters the body by dietary intake and absorption through the intestinal tract -Absorption requires the active form of vitamin D Stored in the bone -When more calcium is needed, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) released -When excess calcium is present, the thyroid gland secretes thyrocalcitonin (TCT) (When Calcium high Phosphorus is low and vice-versa) Magnesium Basics - Ans:--Stored mostly in bones and cartilage -Assists with skeletal muscle contraction, carbohydrate metabolism, generation of energy stores, vitamin activation, blood coagulation and cell growth (If low levels then related to malnutrition ask about alcoholism) Dehydration Assessment - Ans:-Hx •Ask about food and liquid intake •Intake and output volumes •Serial daily weights •Drugs and dosage ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/9 •Kidney or endocrine diseases Aldosterone - Ans:-Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Ans:-promotes retention of water by kidneys Natriuretic peptides - Ans:-secreted by atrial myocardium of the heart in response to high blood pressure Dehydration Interventions - Ans:-Restoring fluid balance •Fluid replacement •Drug therapy Hypervolemia - Ans:-Excess body fluid, and severe overload can cause heart failure or pulmonary edema Hyponatremia - Ans:-Sodium Deficiency ◦Assessment: -Excitable cellular activity -Cerebral, neuromuscular, intestinal, cardiovascular changes ◦Interventions ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/9 -Cause must be determined -Drug therapy -Nutrition therapy Hypernatremia - Ans:-Sodium Excess ◦Assessment -Altered cerebral function, muscle twitching, decreased cardiac contractility ◦Interventions: -Drug Therapy -Nutrition Therapy Hypokalemia - Ans:-Potassium Deficiency ◦Interventions: -Prevent potassium loss -Increase serum potassiu