Maryville Patho NURS 611 Exam 2 With Complete Solutions
Parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER Body system responsible for maintaining
energy and body resources
sympathetic nervous system SNS- ANSWER body system that responds to the stress of
life by preparing the body for defense
how does the sympathetic nervous system SNS redistribute blood flow- ANSWER blood
flow to muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
How do primary brain injuries categorize? ANSWER Focal or diffuse aka multifocal
focal brain injuries ANSWER discrete, observable lesions of the brain that result in a
defined area
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries ANSWER Include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis and damage to blood vessels
Brain is confined in a limited space, so increased pressure causes collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - ANSWER affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision,
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion,
nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - ANSWER individual most likely
to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
,sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - ANSWER
bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. Intact ANS
reflexively responds with arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Cerebral
vessels, carotid sinus and aorta baroreceptors sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS.
Heart rate slows but visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent
impulses cannot pass through cord
Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION leading cause of dementia and one of the most
common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the biggest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION age, family history
what are the putative protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION low calorie
diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what are genetic susceptibility tests used to screen for early-onset AD ANSWER PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2 and APP on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given ANSWER postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke ANSWER hypertension (87% of
occurrences)
Identify common risk factors for stroke. ANS Arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoproteina level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid
stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy,
high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking,
lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease usually presents 2-4 weeks after a bacterial/viral illness
, such as a respiratory or GI illness, like the flu - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome
Describe the course of Guillain-Barre symptoms - ANSWER classic initial symptoms
include numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the extremities. Paresis/paralysis
can present in an ascending fashion
When can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre ANSWER - in 90% of cases
weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week
Myasthenia Gravis ANSWER- a chronic autoimmune disease mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction to prevent normal reception for
muscle contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations -ANSWER-exertional fatigue and weakness
that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
-diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associated
with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling
-episodes of choking and aspiration
Graves disease - ANSWER Graves disease is due to autoantibodies that bind to the TSH
receptor sites. Hyperthyroidism results
acute pain - ANSWER an event; cause often known; less than 6 months duration; sudden
onset; clinical manifestations related to increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr,
diaphoresis, and dilated pupils; prognosis is usually complete relief
low back pain - ANSWER most common chronic pain condition
chronic pain - ANSWER constant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or
Parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER Body system responsible for maintaining
energy and body resources
sympathetic nervous system SNS- ANSWER body system that responds to the stress of
life by preparing the body for defense
how does the sympathetic nervous system SNS redistribute blood flow- ANSWER blood
flow to muscles is increased while blood flow to GI and integumentary is decreased
How do primary brain injuries categorize? ANSWER Focal or diffuse aka multifocal
focal brain injuries ANSWER discrete, observable lesions of the brain that result in a
defined area
Epidural and subdural hemorrhages
diffuse brain injuries ANSWER Include brain injury due to hypoxia, meningitis,
encephalitis and damage to blood vessels
Brain is confined in a limited space, so increased pressure causes collateral
dysfunction: Diabetes Insipidus (ADH not secreted thus polyuria)
autonomic hyperreflexia - ANSWER affected at the t5-t6 level or above; characterized by
paroxysmal HTN (up to 300 mmHg systolic), a pounding headache, blurred vision,
sweating above the level of the lesion with flushing of the skin, nasal congestion,
nausea, piloerection caused by pilomotor spasm, and bradycardia (30-40 beats/min)
location of lesions in cases of autonomic hyperreflexia - ANSWER individual most likely
to be affected have lesions at the T5-T6 level or above
,sequence of events that lead to hyperreflexia induced bradycardia - ANSWER
bradycardia (30-40bpm) is a sx of hyperreflexia
Stimulation of the carotid sinus -->vagus nerve -->sinoatrial (SA) node. Intact ANS
reflexively responds with arteriolar spasm that increases blood pressure. Cerebral
vessels, carotid sinus and aorta baroreceptors sense the HTN and stimulate the PNS.
Heart rate slows but visceral and peripheral vessels do not dilate because efferent
impulses cannot pass through cord
Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION leading cause of dementia and one of the most
common causes of severe cognitive dysfunction in older adults
what are the biggest risk factors for Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION age, family history
what are the putative protective factors for Alzheimer's disease - QUESTION low calorie
diets, estrogen replacement at time of menopause, NSAIDs, physical activity,
antioxidants, the presence of apoE2
what are genetic susceptibility tests used to screen for early-onset AD ANSWER PSEN 1
(presenilin) on chromosome 14, PSEN 2 and APP on chromosome 21
When can a specific diagnosis of AD be given ANSWER postmortem examination
what is the single greatest risk factor for stroke ANSWER hypertension (87% of
occurrences)
Identify common risk factors for stroke. ANS Arterial HTN, insulin resistance and DM,
elevated cholesterol or low high density lipoprotein (HDL), elevated lipoproteina level,
hyperhomocysteinemia, congestive heart disease and PVD, asymptomatic carotid
stenosis, polycythemia and thrombocythemia, a-fib, postmenopausal hormone therapy,
high sodium intake above 2300mg, low potassium intake less than 4700mg, smoking,
lack of physical activity, obesity, chronic sleep deprivation
which autoimmune disease usually presents 2-4 weeks after a bacterial/viral illness
, such as a respiratory or GI illness, like the flu - ANSWER Guillain-Barre syndrome
Describe the course of Guillain-Barre symptoms - ANSWER classic initial symptoms
include numbness, pain, paresthesias, or weakness in the extremities. Paresis/paralysis
can present in an ascending fashion
When can improvement be expected with Guillain-Barre ANSWER - in 90% of cases
weakness usually plateaus or improves by the 4th week
Myasthenia Gravis ANSWER- a chronic autoimmune disease mediated by Ach receptor
antibodies that act at the neuromuscular junction to prevent normal reception for
muscle contraction
myasthenia gravis clinical manifestations -ANSWER-exertional fatigue and weakness
that worsens with activity, improves with rest, and recurs with resumption of activity
-a recent history of recurring upper resp tract infections
-diplopia, ptosis, and ocular palsies
-facial droop and an expressionless face; difficulty chewing and swallowing associated
with dietary changes and weight loss; drooling
-episodes of choking and aspiration
Graves disease - ANSWER Graves disease is due to autoantibodies that bind to the TSH
receptor sites. Hyperthyroidism results
acute pain - ANSWER an event; cause often known; less than 6 months duration; sudden
onset; clinical manifestations related to increased pulse rate, elevated bp, increased rr,
diaphoresis, and dilated pupils; prognosis is usually complete relief
low back pain - ANSWER most common chronic pain condition
chronic pain - ANSWER constant situation; cause may be unknown; can be sudden or
