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PPGH Questions I

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incidence number of new cases in a population at a given time prevalence number of new and old cases in a population at a given time point prevalence number of people in a population with a certain disease mode occurs the most median in the middle of the values - statistical measure of location mean average - 50th centile standard error - a measure of deviation of samples mean, from true populations mean - variability between samples standard deviation - amount of variation or dispersion of a set of data values - variability within a single sample correlation-coefficient indicates the strength of a pattern, so indicates the degree of association between one variable and another - R value ranges from +1 (positive correlation) to -1 (negative correlation) regression coefficient evaluates the relationship between one variable and another by describing the pattern - describes relationship between dependant and independent variable epidemiology study of distribution and determinants of a disease in a population - comes up with strategies to prevent illness and manage those who already suffer from illness genetic epidemiology particularly reliant on twin studies risk factor any attribute of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease of injury gold standard a method, procedure or measurement that is widely accepted as being the best available potential life years lost a measure of relative impact of various diseases and lethal forces on society placebo effect a treatment with no active therapeutic effect epidemic occurrence of cases of an illness in a community or region, clearly in excess of normal expectancy in a given time endemic a permanently existing disease in a geographic area or population group pandemic an epidemic that crosses international boundaries that affects a large number of people over a very large area (worldwide) DALY (disability adjusted life years) = YLL + YLD - years of potential life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality + years lived in disability or disease (YLD) - measures disease burden QALY (quality adjusted life years) - measure of state of health of a person/group in which the benefits or burdens are adjusted to reflect the quality of life - used in economic evaluation to assess the value of money for medical interventions absolute risk probability of an event occurring relative risk chance of a disease occurring in those exposed

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PPGH Questions I it it




incidence numberitofitnewitcasesitinitaitpopulationitatitaitgivenittime
prevalence numberitofitnewitanditolditcasesitinitaitpopulationitatitaitgivenittime
pointitprevalence numberitofitpeopleitinitaitpopulationitwithitaitcertainitdisease
mode occursittheitmost
median inittheitmiddleitofittheitvalues
-itstatisticalitmeasureitofitlocation
mean average
-it50thitcentile
standarditerror -itaitmeasureitofitdeviationitofitsamplesitmean,itfromittrueitpopulationsitmeanit
-itvariabilityitbetweenitsamples
standarditdeviation -itamountitofitvariationitoritdispersionitofitaitsetitofitdataitvalues
-itvariabilityitwithinitaitsingleitsample
correlation-coefficient
indicatesittheitstrengthitofitaitpattern,itsoitindicatesittheitdegreeitofitassociationitbetweenitoneitvaria
bleitanditanotherit
-itRitvalueitrangesitfromit+1it(positiveitcorrelation)ittoit-1it(negativeitcorrelation)
regressionitcoefficient
evaluatesittheitrelationshipitbetweenitoneitvariableitanditanotheritbyitdescribingittheitpatternit
-itdescribesitrelationshipitbetweenitdependantitanditindependentitvariable
epidemiology studyitofitdistributionitanditdeterminantsitofitaitdiseaseitinitaitpopulationit
-itcomesitupitwithitstrategiesittoitpreventitillnessitanditmanageitthoseitwhoitalreadyitsufferitfromitillness
geneticitepidemiology particularlyitreliantitonittwinitstudies
riskitfactor
anyitattributeitofitanitindividualitthatitincreasesittheitlikelihooditofitdevelopingitaitdiseaseitofitinjur
y
golditstandard
aitmethod,itprocedureitoritmeasurementitthatitisitwidelyitaccepteditasitbeingittheitbestitavailable
potentialitlifeityearsitlost
aitmeasureitofitrelativeitimpactitofitvariousitdiseasesitanditlethalitforcesitonitsociety
placeboiteffect aittreatmentitwithitnoitactiveittherapeuticiteffect
epidemic
occurrenceitofitcasesitofitanitillnessitinitaitcommunityitoritregion,itclearlyitinitexcessitofitnormalitexp
ectancyitinitaitgivenittime
endemic aitpermanentlyitexistingitdiseaseitinitaitgeographicitareaitoritpopulationitgroup
pandemic
anitepidemicitthatitcrossesitinternationalitboundariesitthatitaffectsitaitlargeitnumberitofitpeopleitov
eritaitveryitlargeitareait(worldwide)
DALYit(disabilityitadjusteditlifeityears) =itYLLit+itYLDit
-
ityearsitofitpotentialitlifeitlostit(YLL)itdueittoitprematureitmortalityit+ityearsitliveditinitdisabilityitoritdiseaseit

(YLD)
-itmeasuresitdiseaseitburden

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