Portage Learning Pathophysiology NURS 231 Unit 6 Exam
The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing
the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal
nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS.
Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and the structures contained within
each.
The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater The deepest layer of the meninges, it directly overlies both the brain and
spinal cord and is thin and delicate. It contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse
the brain and spinal cord. Arachnoid Layer The second layer of the meninges, the
arachnoid layer encases the entire CNS, and is delicate, nonvascular, and waterproof.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in an area just below the arachnoid layer called the
subarachnoid space. The third layer of the meninges is known as the dura mater. The
dura mater is a strong, continuous connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and
spinal cord with most of its protection.
Describe the meninges and their function.
CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting them from outside
physical force. It maintains a constant ionic environment into which nutrients,
electrolytes, and products of metabolism can diffuse from or be removed to the
extracellular fluid surrounding the neurons of the CNS. Thin layers of neuroglial cells
called ependyma line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
The ependyma extends microscopic processes between the neurons; in some places,
the ependyma becomes specialized to form choroid plexus that project into the
ventricles to produce CSF.
Explain how CSF is produced and what its function is.
Afferent neurons bring sensory information from the periphery into the spinal cord and
to the brain, whereas efferent neurons bring motor output from the brain and spinal
cord to the periphery.
,What are the differences between afferent and efferent neurons?
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and the ependymal cells.
PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells
Name the neuroglial cells of the CNS and PNS.
We have an expert solution for this problem!
Stage 1: Resting Potential: During the resting stage, both the sodium and potassium
gates are closed.
Stage 2: Depolarization: Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the
depolarization stage of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40
mV.
Phase 3: Repolarization: The sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing
potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative voltage to the inside of the
axon.
Phase 4: After-polarization - also called hyperpolarization. Potassium gates are slow to
close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below -70mV and
then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re-established.
Explain each stage of an action potential.
A Neurotransmitter can be degraded by enzymatic activity into inactive compounds.
A Neurotransmitter can be taken back into the presynaptic neuron through a process
, called reuptake
A Neurotransmitter can diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too
low to elicit a postsynaptic response
Explain 3 ways in which Neurotransmitters are inactivated in the synaptic cleft.
Beta waves
What type of EEG wave occurs during REM sleep?
Stage 1
Which stage of sleep does contain alpha waves?
During NREM sleep, the muscle tone is lowered; vital signs and brain activity are
reduced. During REM sleep the muscle tone is further reduced; the vital signs and brain
activity increase.
NREM versus REM Sleep - Brain Wave Patterns, Muscle Tone, and Vital sign and Brain
Activity
Early or Mild Alzheimer's
A patient who carries a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease remains independent in their
home and yet their family states that they have difficulty with planning and executing
tasks that were formerly easy for them to do, such as paying their bills. In what stage of
Alzheimer's disease is this patient?
Late or Severe Alzheimer's
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is unaware of the environment and is totally
dependent for all ADLs. What stage of the Alzheimer's disease is this patient in?
Any of the following are correct:
The 2 divisions of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS) containing
the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) containing spinal
nerves, cranial nerves, and ganglia that are outside of the PNS.
Name the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and the structures contained within
each.
The meninges are connective tissue sheaths that surround the brain and spinal cord.
Pia Mater The deepest layer of the meninges, it directly overlies both the brain and
spinal cord and is thin and delicate. It contains surface level blood vessels that perfuse
the brain and spinal cord. Arachnoid Layer The second layer of the meninges, the
arachnoid layer encases the entire CNS, and is delicate, nonvascular, and waterproof.
Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in an area just below the arachnoid layer called the
subarachnoid space. The third layer of the meninges is known as the dura mater. The
dura mater is a strong, continuous connective tissue sheath that provides the brain and
spinal cord with most of its protection.
Describe the meninges and their function.
CSF serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord protecting them from outside
physical force. It maintains a constant ionic environment into which nutrients,
electrolytes, and products of metabolism can diffuse from or be removed to the
extracellular fluid surrounding the neurons of the CNS. Thin layers of neuroglial cells
called ependyma line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.
The ependyma extends microscopic processes between the neurons; in some places,
the ependyma becomes specialized to form choroid plexus that project into the
ventricles to produce CSF.
Explain how CSF is produced and what its function is.
Afferent neurons bring sensory information from the periphery into the spinal cord and
to the brain, whereas efferent neurons bring motor output from the brain and spinal
cord to the periphery.
,What are the differences between afferent and efferent neurons?
We have an expert-written solution to this problem!
CNS: oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and the ependymal cells.
PNS: satellite cells and Schwann cells
Name the neuroglial cells of the CNS and PNS.
We have an expert solution for this problem!
Stage 1: Resting Potential: During the resting stage, both the sodium and potassium
gates are closed.
Stage 2: Depolarization: Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon during the
depolarization stage of the action potential. Voltage travels to zero and then up to +40
mV.
Phase 3: Repolarization: The sodium gates close, and potassium gates open allowing
potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative voltage to the inside of the
axon.
Phase 4: After-polarization - also called hyperpolarization. Potassium gates are slow to
close, and there is an undershoot of the potential. The voltage drops below -70mV and
then returns to -70mV as the resting state is re-established.
Explain each stage of an action potential.
A Neurotransmitter can be degraded by enzymatic activity into inactive compounds.
A Neurotransmitter can be taken back into the presynaptic neuron through a process
, called reuptake
A Neurotransmitter can diffuse into the intercellular fluid until its concentration is too
low to elicit a postsynaptic response
Explain 3 ways in which Neurotransmitters are inactivated in the synaptic cleft.
Beta waves
What type of EEG wave occurs during REM sleep?
Stage 1
Which stage of sleep does contain alpha waves?
During NREM sleep, the muscle tone is lowered; vital signs and brain activity are
reduced. During REM sleep the muscle tone is further reduced; the vital signs and brain
activity increase.
NREM versus REM Sleep - Brain Wave Patterns, Muscle Tone, and Vital sign and Brain
Activity
Early or Mild Alzheimer's
A patient who carries a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease remains independent in their
home and yet their family states that they have difficulty with planning and executing
tasks that were formerly easy for them to do, such as paying their bills. In what stage of
Alzheimer's disease is this patient?
Late or Severe Alzheimer's
A patient with Alzheimer's disease is unaware of the environment and is totally
dependent for all ADLs. What stage of the Alzheimer's disease is this patient in?
Any of the following are correct:
