©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
CMMB 413 Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
mtDNA - ✔✔- circular
- maternally inherited
- able to produce own proteins
nuclear DNA - ✔✔DNA from both parents
genome - ✔✔all genetic material within an organism
number of homologous chromosomes - ✔✔23 pairs
how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - ✔✔from largest size to
smallest size (number of bps)
size and number of genes on mtDNA - ✔✔16kb and encodes 37 genes
what component of genome supports the endosymbiotic theory -
✔✔mtDNA because structure is similar to prokaryotic structure
What do evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial disorders for? - ✔✔Track
lineage as they're only inherited maternally
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
MIDD - ✔✔maternally inherited diabetes and deafness includes 1% of
diabetic patients and most common in Japanese population
What mutations cause MIDD? - ✔✔- MT-TL1, MT-TK or MT-TE and
reduces tRNA activities which reduces protein synthesis
- decrease in ATP production
- in pancreatic β cells ATP is required to control secretion of insulin and
therefore can result in insulin deficiency
polymorphism - ✔✔more than one allele occupies that gene locus in a
population, and each allele must occur in at least 1% of population
How many base pairs in humans? - ✔✔6 billion
What percent of genome encodes for protein? - ✔✔less than 1.5%
20000-25000 protein encoding genes
How much of genome is unique or single-copy DNA and how much is
repetitive? - ✔✔~ 50% unique
~ 50% repetitive
What is classification of repetitive sequences based on? - ✔✔locations of
the repeats with respect to single-copy sequences
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
2 major classes of repetitive DNA - ✔✔1) clustered tandem repeat families
(satellite DNAs)
2) dispersed repetitive DNA families
Clustered tandem repeat families - ✔✔- mini and micro satellites
consist of short repeats organized in a head-tail fashion (occur adjacent to
each other, so in tandem). They serve as molecular markers for clinical
cytogenetic analysis as they vary in length between individuals
Where are satellite DNAs found? - ✔✔telomeric and centromeric regions
What percentage of genome do satellite DNAs constitute? - ✔✔10-15%
3 dispersed repetitive DNA families and what are the differences based on?
- ✔✔1) Alu family
2) LINE; Long Interspersed nUclear Element or L1 family
3) Segmental duplication family
- Differences based on length of repeats
What percent of the genome does the Alu family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - ✔✔>10% of genome
~300 bp in length
, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What percent of the genome does the LINE family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - ✔✔Long Interspersed Nuclear Element
~20% of genome
as long as 6kb in length
What percent of the genome does the segmented duplication family take,
and what is the length of repeat? - ✔✔>5% of genome
can span hundreds of kb
Why are there so many repetitive sequences? - ✔✔Potentially, having
redundancy can help if a small portion is mutated, you still have a large
portion to carry out function
How much compaction is there when DNA is in chromosome form? -
✔✔500-1000x
Two processes in order to achieve cell replication? - ✔✔1) Mitosis which is
nuclear division
2) Cytokinesis which is cytoplasmic division
What phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? - ✔✔interphase
CMMB 413 Exam Questions and
Answers 100% Solved
mtDNA - ✔✔- circular
- maternally inherited
- able to produce own proteins
nuclear DNA - ✔✔DNA from both parents
genome - ✔✔all genetic material within an organism
number of homologous chromosomes - ✔✔23 pairs
how are autosomal chromosomes numbered - ✔✔from largest size to
smallest size (number of bps)
size and number of genes on mtDNA - ✔✔16kb and encodes 37 genes
what component of genome supports the endosymbiotic theory -
✔✔mtDNA because structure is similar to prokaryotic structure
What do evolutionary biologists use mitochondrial disorders for? - ✔✔Track
lineage as they're only inherited maternally
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
MIDD - ✔✔maternally inherited diabetes and deafness includes 1% of
diabetic patients and most common in Japanese population
What mutations cause MIDD? - ✔✔- MT-TL1, MT-TK or MT-TE and
reduces tRNA activities which reduces protein synthesis
- decrease in ATP production
- in pancreatic β cells ATP is required to control secretion of insulin and
therefore can result in insulin deficiency
polymorphism - ✔✔more than one allele occupies that gene locus in a
population, and each allele must occur in at least 1% of population
How many base pairs in humans? - ✔✔6 billion
What percent of genome encodes for protein? - ✔✔less than 1.5%
20000-25000 protein encoding genes
How much of genome is unique or single-copy DNA and how much is
repetitive? - ✔✔~ 50% unique
~ 50% repetitive
What is classification of repetitive sequences based on? - ✔✔locations of
the repeats with respect to single-copy sequences
,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
2 major classes of repetitive DNA - ✔✔1) clustered tandem repeat families
(satellite DNAs)
2) dispersed repetitive DNA families
Clustered tandem repeat families - ✔✔- mini and micro satellites
consist of short repeats organized in a head-tail fashion (occur adjacent to
each other, so in tandem). They serve as molecular markers for clinical
cytogenetic analysis as they vary in length between individuals
Where are satellite DNAs found? - ✔✔telomeric and centromeric regions
What percentage of genome do satellite DNAs constitute? - ✔✔10-15%
3 dispersed repetitive DNA families and what are the differences based on?
- ✔✔1) Alu family
2) LINE; Long Interspersed nUclear Element or L1 family
3) Segmental duplication family
- Differences based on length of repeats
What percent of the genome does the Alu family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - ✔✔>10% of genome
~300 bp in length
, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
What percent of the genome does the LINE family take, and what is the
length of repeat? - ✔✔Long Interspersed Nuclear Element
~20% of genome
as long as 6kb in length
What percent of the genome does the segmented duplication family take,
and what is the length of repeat? - ✔✔>5% of genome
can span hundreds of kb
Why are there so many repetitive sequences? - ✔✔Potentially, having
redundancy can help if a small portion is mutated, you still have a large
portion to carry out function
How much compaction is there when DNA is in chromosome form? -
✔✔500-1000x
Two processes in order to achieve cell replication? - ✔✔1) Mitosis which is
nuclear division
2) Cytokinesis which is cytoplasmic division
What phase of cell cycle does DNA replication occur? - ✔✔interphase
