CHM 2045 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
Periodic Law -- Answer ✔✔ When the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their
physical and chemical properties
Paramagnetism -- Answer ✔✔ Unpaired electrons; attracted to a
magnetic field
Diamagnetism -- Answer ✔✔ No unpaired electrons; repelled by a
magnetic field
Effective Nuclear Charge -- Answer ✔✔ Zeff= Z (atomic number)-S
(core electrons)
Bonding Atomic Radius -- Answer ✔✔ One-half of the distance between
covalently bonded nuclei
Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Minimum energy needed to remove an
electron from an atom; endothermic
First Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Energy to remove an electron
from a neutral atom
Second Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Energy to move an electron
from a +1 ion
Electron Affinity -- Answer ✔✔ Energy released when a neutral atom
gains an electron; exothermic
, Lattice Energy -- Answer ✔✔ The energy required to completely
separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions
Coulomb's Law -- Answer ✔✔ Eel=K(Q1Q2/d)
Crystal Lattice -- Answer ✔✔ Maximizes the attractions between
cations and anions, leading to the most stable arrangement
Electronegativity -- Answer ✔✔ Measure of the pull an atom has on
bonding electrons
Formal Charge -- Answer ✔✔ =Valence number - # bonds - # lone
electrons
Reaction Enthalpy -- Answer ✔✔ =SUM[(energy of bonds broken) +
SUM(energy of bonds made)
VSPER -- Answer ✔✔ Electron groups around the central atom will be
most stable when they are as far apart as possible
Linear Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Two electron groups around the central
atom; Bond angle of 180 degrees
Trigonal Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Three electron groups around the
central atom; 120 degree bond angle
Tetrahedral Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Four electron groups around the
central atom; 109.5 degree bond angle
Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Five electron groups
around the central atom; axial-equatorial bond angle is 90 degrees; eq-
eq bond angle is 120 degrees
Octahedral Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Six electron groups around the
central atom; bond angle is 90 degrees
QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE AND
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
Periodic Law -- Answer ✔✔ When the elements are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their
physical and chemical properties
Paramagnetism -- Answer ✔✔ Unpaired electrons; attracted to a
magnetic field
Diamagnetism -- Answer ✔✔ No unpaired electrons; repelled by a
magnetic field
Effective Nuclear Charge -- Answer ✔✔ Zeff= Z (atomic number)-S
(core electrons)
Bonding Atomic Radius -- Answer ✔✔ One-half of the distance between
covalently bonded nuclei
Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Minimum energy needed to remove an
electron from an atom; endothermic
First Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Energy to remove an electron
from a neutral atom
Second Ionization Energy -- Answer ✔✔ Energy to move an electron
from a +1 ion
Electron Affinity -- Answer ✔✔ Energy released when a neutral atom
gains an electron; exothermic
, Lattice Energy -- Answer ✔✔ The energy required to completely
separate a mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions
Coulomb's Law -- Answer ✔✔ Eel=K(Q1Q2/d)
Crystal Lattice -- Answer ✔✔ Maximizes the attractions between
cations and anions, leading to the most stable arrangement
Electronegativity -- Answer ✔✔ Measure of the pull an atom has on
bonding electrons
Formal Charge -- Answer ✔✔ =Valence number - # bonds - # lone
electrons
Reaction Enthalpy -- Answer ✔✔ =SUM[(energy of bonds broken) +
SUM(energy of bonds made)
VSPER -- Answer ✔✔ Electron groups around the central atom will be
most stable when they are as far apart as possible
Linear Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Two electron groups around the central
atom; Bond angle of 180 degrees
Trigonal Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Three electron groups around the
central atom; 120 degree bond angle
Tetrahedral Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Four electron groups around the
central atom; 109.5 degree bond angle
Trigonal Bipyramidal Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Five electron groups
around the central atom; axial-equatorial bond angle is 90 degrees; eq-
eq bond angle is 120 degrees
Octahedral Geometry -- Answer ✔✔ Six electron groups around the
central atom; bond angle is 90 degrees
