Cardiovascular Regulation Review Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+

Cardiovascular Regulation Review Questions with Complete Solutions Graded A+ tissue perfusion - Answers blood flow through tissue; necessary to meet demand for oxygen and nutrients; cardiovascular activity is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms to ensure it is done appropriately factors affecting tissue perfusion - Answers cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood pressure purpose of cardiovascular regulation - Answers to ensure that blood flow changes occur at an appropriate time, in the right area, and without drastically changing blood pressure and blood flow to vital organs circulation - Answers when a group of cells becomes active, _______ to that region must increase to deliver necessary oxygen and nutrients, and carry away waste products and CO2 regulatory mechanisms - Answers autoregulation, neural mechanisms, and endocrine mechanisms; all focus on controlling cardiac output and blood pressure to restore adequate blood pressure and blood flow after a fall in blood pressure autoregulation - Answers local factors that change the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids; causes immediate, localized homeostatic adjustments; if fails, other two mechanisms are activated local vasodilators - Answers makes adjustments in autoregulation; promotes dilation of precapillary sphincters to accelerate blood flow through their tissue of origin to bring in oxygen, nutrients, and buffers in an attempt to restore homeostasis local vasoconstrictors - Answers makes adjustments in autoregulation; stimulate constriction of precapillary sphincters thus limiting blood flow through their tissues cellular activity - Answers local vasodilators relax smooth muscle cells of precapillary sphincters; decreased tissue O2 or increased CO2 levels, increased acids generated by cells such as lactic acid, increased nitric oxide (NO) released from endothelial cells, rising concentration of potassium ions or hydrogen ions in the interstitial fluids, chemicals released during local inflammation including histamine and nitric oxide, and elevated local temperature all indicate _________ ________ contraction - Answers local vasoconstrictors stimulate __________ of smooth muscle cells of precapillary sphincters; prostaglandins and thromboxanes released by activated platelets and white blood cells, endothelins released by damaged endothelial cells neural mechanisms - Answers respond to changes in arterial pressure or blood gas levels at specific sites; when changes occur cardiovascular centers in the autonomic nervous system adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain blood pressure and ensure adequate blood flow to tissue cardiac centers, vasomotor centers - Answers centers for control of neural mechanisms are located in the medulla oblongata of brain stem and are known as _____ ______ and ________ ________ cardioacceleratory center - Answers part of cardiac center; increases cardiac output through sympathetic innervation cardioinhibition center - Answers part of cardiac center; reduces cardiac output through parasympathetic innervation vasomotor center - Answers consists of two groups of neurons: 1) a very large group responsible for widespread vasoconstriction, releases norepinephrine and 2) a smaller group responsible for the vasodilation of arterioles in skeletal muscles and the brain, releases acetylcholine; creates their effects by controlling the activity of sympathetic neruons sympathetic - Answers vasodilation and vasoconstriction are result of the activity of only _________ neurons norepinepherine - Answers neurons innervating peripheral blood vessels in most tissues release the neurotransmitter __________ which results in the stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of arterioles, producing vasoconstriction acetylcholine,nitric oxide - Answers neurons innervating the blood vessels in skeletal muscles and the break are vasodilator neurons; stimulation of these neurons ultimately results in the release (sometimes neurotransmitter _____________) and then of ________ _______ by endothelial cells in the area or by synaptic knobs, producing vasodilation synaptic knobs - Answers relaxes smooth muscle cells in the walls of arterioles producing vasodilation vasomotor tone - Answers a state in which the arterioles are partially constricted; due to sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons being chronically active baroreceptor reflexes - Answers respond to changes in blood pressure; adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain normal arterial pressure; monitor degree of stretch in walls of expandable organs; located in carotid sinuses, aortic sinuses, and wlal of right atrium; regulated through negative feed back aka the stimulation of receptor leads to a response that counteracts the stimulus and restores homeostatic conditions chemoreceptor reflexes - Answers monitor changes in the chemical composition of arterial blood; regulated through negative feed back aka the stimulation of receptor leads to a response that counteracts the stimulus and restores homeostatic conditions decrease - Answers when blood pressure rises and there's an increase output from