Patho Exam 5 Modules | Verified with 100% Correct Answers

Patho Exam 5 Modules | Verified with 100% Correct Answers Which are the four most common risk factors for urinary tract obstruction? Congenital anomalies Diabetes Urinary calculi Ulcerative colitis Pregnancy Benign prostatic hyperplasia Tumors Spinal cord injury Which organs are part of the upper urinary tract system? (Select all that apply.) Bladder Ureter Urethra Kidney Which organs are part of the lower urinary tract system? (Select all that apply.) Bladder Ureter Urethra Kidney Which of the following individuals are at risk of developing urinary obstructions? Select all that apply. A 43-year-old with an acid-base imbalance secondary to malnutrition A 29-year-old who is pregnant for the first time A 69-year-old with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoietin production A 70-year-old with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) A 58-year-old with renal calculi A 28-year-old with a neurogenic bladder secondary to spinal cord injury What are the risks of inadequate treatment of a urinary tract obstruction? Select all that apply. Kidney failure Cancer Infection Hydronephrosis Which conditions commonly occur with a urinary tract obstruction? Select all that apply. Urine stasis Urethra rupture Renal tumor Urine reflux Which risk factor is associated with polycystic kidney disease? Genetics Age Diet Urinary infections Which type of inherited cystic kidney disease does a middle-aged individual have if they have end-stage renal disease and receive hemodialysis three times each week at an outpatient clinic? Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive Nephronophthisis-medullary Acquired A 22-year-old client with a history of intermittent flank pain, repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs), and hematuria has been diagnosed with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Which factor has most likely contributed to the development of this diagnosis? A. UTIs coupled with an impaired immune response have caused ADPKD. B. The client has inherited a tendency for epithelial cells in the tubules to proliferate inappropriately. C. Severe hypertension and portal hypertension are likely precursors. D. The client has inherited undersized kidneys that are prone to calculi formation. An x-ray of an individual with nephronophthisis-medullary cystic disease would show kidneys that are: Normally sized with a few cysts less than 1 cm in diameter Enlarged with multiple cysts Shrunken with cysts at the corticomedullary junction Enlarged with dilation of the cortical and medullary collecting tubules Parents of a newborn are told their child has bilateral flank masses, severe kidney failure, and abnormal lung development. Which form of polycystic kidney disease does this child most likely have? Nephronophthisis-medullary Autosomal dominant Autosomal recessive Acquired Which conditions increase the risk for developing acute prerenal kidney injury? Select all that apply. Benign prostatic hypertrophy Glomerulonephritis Severe dehydration Cardiogenic shock A patient undergoing antimicrobial treatment with an aminoglycoside, gentamicin, is at risk for which type of kidney failure? Postrenal failure Chronic kidney disease Ischemic acute tubular necrosis Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis For which type of kidney failure is a patient with chronic calculi at risk? Prerenal Postrenal Intrarenal None Globular filtration rate (GFR) decreases as a person ages, increasing the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). TRUE FALSE A family physician is providing care for a 61-year-old with a high body mass index and a history of diabetes and hypertension. Blood work indicates the client has a GFR of 51 mL/min with elevated serum creatinine levels. Which of statement will the physician most likely make to the client in light of these results? A. 'You're experiencing acute injury and will need dialysis treatment immediately.' B. 'We will regularly monitor your kidney function, but your kidneys should be able to compensate on their own and intervention is not required.' C. 'You likely have chronic kidney disease, and there may be blood in your urine until it is controlled.' D. 'You have chronic kidney disease likely caused by diabetes and high blood pressure.' Which systems are primarily affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the older adult population? Immune and integumentary systems Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems Skeletal and gastrointestinal systems Hematological and reproductive systems Which person is most likely to have overflow incontinence? A person who has given birth A person with an enlarged prostate A person without lower body function A person with drug sensitivities Which accurately describes the etiology of stress incontinence? An increase in intra-abdominal pressure that results in involuntary urination Overactivity of the voiding reflexes related to the nervous system damage The involuntary release of urine related to a strong sense of urgency The decrease in smooth muscle of the bladder causing increased urination Which patient is at greatest risk for developing urge urinary incontinence? A patient confined to bed as a result of a compound fracture of the leg A patient whose arthritis makes walking difficult A patient recovering from a recent stroke A patient who is embarrassed to use a urinal In a patient with severe hepatic cirrhosis, what laboratory findings would the nurse expect to be decreased? Serum proteins Serum amylase Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Prothrombin time (PT) what causes hepatic encephalopathy, a complication of cirrhosis? Increased clotting factors in the blood The lack of hemoglobin in the blood Accumulation of ammonia in the blood A diet high in protein and excess albumin A patient with severe hepatic cirrhosis has developed severe ascites. What is the most important nursing assessment? Abdominal girth Respiratory status Intake and output Nutritional intake A complication associated with untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when the body replaces the stressed squamous epithelial tissue of the esophagus with columnar epithelial tissue. What is this called? Scar tissue Barrett esophagus Esophageal varices Johnson hyperplasia What pathophysiologic changes can occur with chronic gastroesophageal reflux? Select all that apply. Sphincter atrophy Esophagitis Metaplasia Peptic ulcer Strictures After several months of persistent heartburn, a 57-year-old client has been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Which treatment regimen is likely to best address the woman's health problem? Surgical correction of the incompetent pylorus Antacids, avoiding positions that exacerbate reflux, and a soft-textured diet Weight loss and administration of calcium channel-blocking medications Proton pump inhibitors, avoiding large meals, and remaining upright after meals True or false: When lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure exceeds the pressure in the stomach, the stomach contents are pushed into the esophagus. TRUE FALSE The emergency department nurse is preparing to discharge the client diagnosed with acute gastritis. The nurse should be sure to educate the client regarding the use of which substances that contribute to the development of acute gastritis? Antacids and proton pump inhibitors Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and alcohol Antibiotics and acetaminophen Beta blockers and probiotics Which is the most common cause of acute gastritis? Poor gastric perfusion Too much stomach acid Ingestion of aspirin, alcohol, or other chemicals H. pylori infection A 19-year-old client has a history of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Recent lab tests show low gastric acid secretion, vitamin B12 deficiency, and pernicious anemia. Which type of gastritis might this client experience? Acute Chronic H. pylori Chronic chemical Chronic autoimmune Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and aspirin contribute to the formation of gastritis by inhibiting what process? Immune functions Production of acid Synthesis of prostaglandins Production of mucus H. pylori gastritis is usually treated with a combination of an antibiotic and what other substance? Antianxiety medication Proton pump inhibitor Lactulose Calcium carbonate When comparing the symptomatology of Crohn disease with that of ulcerative colitis, which symptoms are generally characteristic of only Crohn disease? Select all that apply. Fistulas Risk for cancer Rectal bleeding Strictures Perianal abscesses Which part of the gastrointestinal tract does ulcerative colitis commonly affect? Small intestine Rectum and colon Entire gastrointestinal tract Stomach and colon Which symptoms distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease? Select all that apply. Diarrhea with blood Abdominal pain Fever Weakness Weight loss Mucus in the stool Erosion through all tissue layers of the colon is characteristic of which type of inflammatory bowel disease? Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis Both Neither A 71-year-old client has been recently diagnosed with stage III colorectal cancer. What might the nurse tell the client about colorectal cancer? A. 'If an accurate screening test for this type of cancer existed, it could likely have been caught earlier.' B. 'Your long-term aspirin use may have been a contributing factor.' C. 'While diet is thought to play a role in the development of colorectal cancer, the ultimate causes are largely unknown.' D. 'A large majority of patients who colorectal cancer survive to live many more years.' A 38-year-old who recently moved to the United States from another country reports to a local health clinic in a weakened state. The client speculates it is caused by sensitivity to new foods, reporting frequent diarrhea for the past few months. What other findings would indicate colon cancer upon further testing? Select all that apply. Blood in stool Parasites Anemia Masses in the abdomen or rectum A 67-year-old client reports infrequent bowel movements and rectal bleeding when they do occur. The client lost 20 lb in the last few months without trying and reports often