BMS 108 - Exam#1 With
Complete Solution
Define physiology, anatomy, pathophysiology - Answer Physio: study of function and
how the body works
Anatomy: study of structure
Pathophysio: study of how disease or injury affects function
What are the steps involved in the scientific method? - Answer Observe
->hypothesis->test/experiment->evaluate and analyze->replicate-> conclude-> theory
Define homeostasis and describe how this concept is used in physiology and medicine. -
Answer Homeostasis is dynamic consistency of the internal environment. Deviation
indicates disease. Provides a baseline.
Explain the nature of negative feedback loops (including all components of a neg
feedback loop). - Answer Negative feedback loops begin with sensors: something that
senses something is off a "normal" set point. From there, the sensors send this
information to an integrating center, which assesses the change and then sends
instruction for correction to an effector.
The effector carries out a change reversal and makes adjustment.
Explain how antagonistic effectors help to maintain homeostasis. - Answer Antagonistic
effectors are opposing effectors like hot/sweat, cold/shiver, high BP/insulin, low
BP/glucagon.
Explain the nature of positive feedback loops and how these function in the body. -
Answer Positive feedback loops bring the body further away from homeostasis. Once a
change is set, the loop amplifies it. It's so rare because the body always wants to stay in
homeostasis, unless it's a rare occasion like childbirth, blood clot, or a fever.
Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation, and explain, in a general way, the
roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in body regulation. - Answer Intrinsic
regulation is when all sensor, integrating center, and effector is in the same organ. E.g.
the pancreas housing the sensor, in. center, and effectors for blood glucose levels.
Extrinsic regulation is when the sensor, integrating sensor, or effectors are mandated
by a different organ than the target organ, usually the brain or the heart.
Explain how negative feedback inhibition helps to regulate the secretion of hormones,
using insulin as an example. - Answer Negative feedback inhibition helps make sure that
homeostasis is maintained by an antagonist. When blood sugar is low, insulin secretion
is inhibited so that glucagon can be released from the liver, which stores it. Then, blood
, sugar goes up.
List the four primary tissues and their subtypes and describe the distinguishing features
of each primary tissue. - Answer Muscle: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous: neurons and neuroglia
Epithelial: simple or stratified; squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Connective: fluid, supportive, proper->irregular, loose, dense
Relate the structure of each primary tissue to its functions. - Answer Muscle tissues are
specialized for contraction.
Nervous tissues are designed to conduct impulses and support neuron function.
Epithelial tissues form membranes to protect and cover body, organ, and gland
surfaces.
Connective tissues (most diverse and abundant) serve various functions: support,
provide function, build and create bone, allow for movement, support blood and lymph.
Describe how the primary tissues are grouped into organs, using the skin as an
example. - Answer The skin contains all 4 primary tissues.
Tissue development:
i. Endoderm: digestive tract, lungs, thyroid
ii. Mesoderm: skeletal muscle, bone, CT, heart, urogenital structures
iii. Ectoderm: skin, hair, mammary glands, portions of nervous system
Describe the nature and significance of the extracellular and intracellular compartment
of the body and explain the significance of this compartmentalization. - Answer
Intracellular Fluid: inside cells - holds 65% of total body water
Extracellular Fluid: outside cells - e.g. blood plasma, interstitial fluid
i. Interstitial fluid part of ECF.
Relate your understanding of negative feedback control/dysfunction as it relates to Type
II diabetes mellitus. What are the differences between type I and type II diabetes as they
relate to insulin control? Be prepared to detail the error in negative feedback seen in
Type II DM. How can type II diabetics lower blood glucose independent of insulin (hint:
wonder drug!)? - Answer Type I: a birth or genetic condition in which the pancreas does
not create insulin (the effector). Therefore, glucose is not told to be picked up out of the
blood, so blood sugar levels increase.
Type II: insulin resistance. A person can be producing enough or an excess amount of
insulin, but the insulin receptors are resistant, preventing insulin from bonding to the
Complete Solution
Define physiology, anatomy, pathophysiology - Answer Physio: study of function and
how the body works
Anatomy: study of structure
Pathophysio: study of how disease or injury affects function
What are the steps involved in the scientific method? - Answer Observe
->hypothesis->test/experiment->evaluate and analyze->replicate-> conclude-> theory
Define homeostasis and describe how this concept is used in physiology and medicine. -
Answer Homeostasis is dynamic consistency of the internal environment. Deviation
indicates disease. Provides a baseline.
Explain the nature of negative feedback loops (including all components of a neg
feedback loop). - Answer Negative feedback loops begin with sensors: something that
senses something is off a "normal" set point. From there, the sensors send this
information to an integrating center, which assesses the change and then sends
instruction for correction to an effector.
The effector carries out a change reversal and makes adjustment.
Explain how antagonistic effectors help to maintain homeostasis. - Answer Antagonistic
effectors are opposing effectors like hot/sweat, cold/shiver, high BP/insulin, low
BP/glucagon.
Explain the nature of positive feedback loops and how these function in the body. -
Answer Positive feedback loops bring the body further away from homeostasis. Once a
change is set, the loop amplifies it. It's so rare because the body always wants to stay in
homeostasis, unless it's a rare occasion like childbirth, blood clot, or a fever.
Distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic regulation, and explain, in a general way, the
roles of the nervous and endocrine systems in body regulation. - Answer Intrinsic
regulation is when all sensor, integrating center, and effector is in the same organ. E.g.
the pancreas housing the sensor, in. center, and effectors for blood glucose levels.
Extrinsic regulation is when the sensor, integrating sensor, or effectors are mandated
by a different organ than the target organ, usually the brain or the heart.
Explain how negative feedback inhibition helps to regulate the secretion of hormones,
using insulin as an example. - Answer Negative feedback inhibition helps make sure that
homeostasis is maintained by an antagonist. When blood sugar is low, insulin secretion
is inhibited so that glucagon can be released from the liver, which stores it. Then, blood
, sugar goes up.
List the four primary tissues and their subtypes and describe the distinguishing features
of each primary tissue. - Answer Muscle: skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous: neurons and neuroglia
Epithelial: simple or stratified; squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Connective: fluid, supportive, proper->irregular, loose, dense
Relate the structure of each primary tissue to its functions. - Answer Muscle tissues are
specialized for contraction.
Nervous tissues are designed to conduct impulses and support neuron function.
Epithelial tissues form membranes to protect and cover body, organ, and gland
surfaces.
Connective tissues (most diverse and abundant) serve various functions: support,
provide function, build and create bone, allow for movement, support blood and lymph.
Describe how the primary tissues are grouped into organs, using the skin as an
example. - Answer The skin contains all 4 primary tissues.
Tissue development:
i. Endoderm: digestive tract, lungs, thyroid
ii. Mesoderm: skeletal muscle, bone, CT, heart, urogenital structures
iii. Ectoderm: skin, hair, mammary glands, portions of nervous system
Describe the nature and significance of the extracellular and intracellular compartment
of the body and explain the significance of this compartmentalization. - Answer
Intracellular Fluid: inside cells - holds 65% of total body water
Extracellular Fluid: outside cells - e.g. blood plasma, interstitial fluid
i. Interstitial fluid part of ECF.
Relate your understanding of negative feedback control/dysfunction as it relates to Type
II diabetes mellitus. What are the differences between type I and type II diabetes as they
relate to insulin control? Be prepared to detail the error in negative feedback seen in
Type II DM. How can type II diabetics lower blood glucose independent of insulin (hint:
wonder drug!)? - Answer Type I: a birth or genetic condition in which the pancreas does
not create insulin (the effector). Therefore, glucose is not told to be picked up out of the
blood, so blood sugar levels increase.
Type II: insulin resistance. A person can be producing enough or an excess amount of
insulin, but the insulin receptors are resistant, preventing insulin from bonding to the
