2024 NSG 221 Exam With 70 Questions & Correct Answers
Epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the distribution and determinants of
health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public
health.
Web of Causation Model - ANSWER-illustrates the complexity of relationships
among causal variables for heart disease.
Descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the amount and distribution
of disease.
Analytic epidemiology - ANSWER-investigates the causes of disease, or etiology
Rates - ANSWER-are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a
count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted.
They are population proportions or fractions in which the numerator is the number
of events occurring in a specified period. The denominator consists of those in the
population at the specified time period. This proportion is multiplied by a constant
(k) that is a multiple of 10. The constant usually converts the resultant number to a
whole number
Incidence rates - ANSWER-describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or
condition in a community over a given period relative to the size of the population
at risk for that disease or condition during that same period. The denominator
consists of only those at risk for the disease or condition; therefore, known cases or
those not susceptible are subtracted from the total population. Incidence rates are
useful for detecting short-term changes in acute disease in which the duration of
the disease is typically short. Incidence rate = number of new cases or events
, occurring in the population in a specified period divided by the population at risk
during same specified period multiplied by "k."
A prevalence rate - ANSWER-is the number of all cases of a specific disease or
condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the
same point in time. Prevalence rate = number of existing cases in population at a
specified point in time divided by the population at same specified point in time
multiplied by "k."
Screening programs - ANSWER-are conducted by community health nurses. They
may perform physical examinations, promote client self-examination, conduct
screening programs in schools, clinicals, or community settings. Guidelines for
screening programs include screening for conditions in which early detection and
treatment can improve disease outcome and quality of life; screening populations
that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease; select a screening
method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to clients, and
has acceptable sensitivity and specificity; plan for the timely referral and follow-up
of clients with positive results; identify referral resources that are appropriate, cost
effective, and convenient for clients.
Surveillance - ANSWER-is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community
health information. Monitoring for changes in disease frequency is essential to
effective and responsive public health programs. Identifying trends in disease
incidence or identifying risk factor status by location and population subgroup over
time allows the community health nurse to evaluate the effectiveness of existing
programs and to implement interventions targeted to high-risk groups
The agent, host, and environment - ANSWER-are what are analyzed by the
epidemiologist and is referred to as the epidemiological triangle. The development
of disease depends on the extent of the host's exposure to an agent, the strength or
virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility.
Disease also depends on the environmental conditions existing at the time of
exposure, which include the biological, social, political, and physical
Epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the distribution and determinants of
health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public
health.
Web of Causation Model - ANSWER-illustrates the complexity of relationships
among causal variables for heart disease.
Descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER-is the study of the amount and distribution
of disease.
Analytic epidemiology - ANSWER-investigates the causes of disease, or etiology
Rates - ANSWER-are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a
count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted.
They are population proportions or fractions in which the numerator is the number
of events occurring in a specified period. The denominator consists of those in the
population at the specified time period. This proportion is multiplied by a constant
(k) that is a multiple of 10. The constant usually converts the resultant number to a
whole number
Incidence rates - ANSWER-describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or
condition in a community over a given period relative to the size of the population
at risk for that disease or condition during that same period. The denominator
consists of only those at risk for the disease or condition; therefore, known cases or
those not susceptible are subtracted from the total population. Incidence rates are
useful for detecting short-term changes in acute disease in which the duration of
the disease is typically short. Incidence rate = number of new cases or events
, occurring in the population in a specified period divided by the population at risk
during same specified period multiplied by "k."
A prevalence rate - ANSWER-is the number of all cases of a specific disease or
condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the
same point in time. Prevalence rate = number of existing cases in population at a
specified point in time divided by the population at same specified point in time
multiplied by "k."
Screening programs - ANSWER-are conducted by community health nurses. They
may perform physical examinations, promote client self-examination, conduct
screening programs in schools, clinicals, or community settings. Guidelines for
screening programs include screening for conditions in which early detection and
treatment can improve disease outcome and quality of life; screening populations
that have risk factors or are more susceptible to the disease; select a screening
method that is simple, safe, inexpensive to administer, acceptable to clients, and
has acceptable sensitivity and specificity; plan for the timely referral and follow-up
of clients with positive results; identify referral resources that are appropriate, cost
effective, and convenient for clients.
Surveillance - ANSWER-is a mechanism for the ongoing collection of community
health information. Monitoring for changes in disease frequency is essential to
effective and responsive public health programs. Identifying trends in disease
incidence or identifying risk factor status by location and population subgroup over
time allows the community health nurse to evaluate the effectiveness of existing
programs and to implement interventions targeted to high-risk groups
The agent, host, and environment - ANSWER-are what are analyzed by the
epidemiologist and is referred to as the epidemiological triangle. The development
of disease depends on the extent of the host's exposure to an agent, the strength or
virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility.
Disease also depends on the environmental conditions existing at the time of
exposure, which include the biological, social, political, and physical
