Semmelweis Entrance Exam Medicine
Biology
What are carbohydrates and lipids? - ANS Organic compounds that are mostly composed of three types
of atom; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What do carbohydrates do? - ANS provide energy, in the form of sugars like glucose and fructose, but
they also make up structures like cellulose, which form the cell wall of plant cells
What type of carbohydrate is the most important source of energy? - ANS mono-, di- and poly-
saccharides
What are mono and disaccharides? - ANS polar and soluble in water
What are polysaccharides? - ANS Macromolecules resulting from polymerisation (condensation) of
sugars and are not soluble in water
Examples of monosaccharides - ANS ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose
What forms a disaccharide? - ANS two monosaccharides linked together by condensation reactions with
glycosidic bonds releasing one H2O molecule
Alpha glucose structure - ANS
Beta glucose structure - ANS
Examples of Polysaccharides - ANS cellulose, glycogen and starch
,Monomer of Sucrose - ANS glucose and fructose
monomer of maltose - ANS glucose and glucose
monomer of lactose - ANS glucose and galactose
monomer of starch - ANS glucose
monomer of glycogen - ANS glucose
monomer of cellulose - ANS glucose
In animals, what carbohydrate stores energy? - ANS glycogen
What jobs do carbohydrates have other than storing energy? - ANS structural components
What differs the polysaccharides all made up of glucose? - ANS they differ in the arrangement of glucose
molecules and position of the glycosidic bonds
Starch arrangement - ANS amylopectin branched, amylose linear
What is galactose? - ANS a sugar in milk
What is fructose? - ANS a sugar found in fruit and honey
Main characteristic of lipids? - ANS little to no affinity to water, mostly hydrophobic
, What are the simple forms of lipids? - ANS fat, oil and wax
What are lipids characteristics in different solvents? - ANS they are non-polar and insoluble in water, but
soluble in organic solvents
What are triglycerides? - ANS the main group of lipids. They are formed by condensation reactions
between one glycerol and three fatty acids, creating ester bonds
What are the main types of triglycerides? - ANS fats and oils. Fats are solid and oil liquid at room temp
What are fatty acids? - ANS carboxylic acids, possessing a -COOH functional group
What are the two basic forms of fatty acids? - ANS saturated and unsaturated
What differs saturated from unsaturated fatty acids? - ANS Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds; a
monounsaturated having one, whereas a polyunsaturated having multiple
What are cis and trANS isomers? - ANS cis having the double bond elements on the same side, tr ANS on
opposite
Benefit of lipids over carbohydrates? - ANS Lipids have a higher energy content and can act as thermal
insulators
What is the primary protein structure? - ANS the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
What is the secondary protein structure? - ANS Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix. Hydrogen bonds
between polypeptides form these structures
Biology
What are carbohydrates and lipids? - ANS Organic compounds that are mostly composed of three types
of atom; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What do carbohydrates do? - ANS provide energy, in the form of sugars like glucose and fructose, but
they also make up structures like cellulose, which form the cell wall of plant cells
What type of carbohydrate is the most important source of energy? - ANS mono-, di- and poly-
saccharides
What are mono and disaccharides? - ANS polar and soluble in water
What are polysaccharides? - ANS Macromolecules resulting from polymerisation (condensation) of
sugars and are not soluble in water
Examples of monosaccharides - ANS ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose
What forms a disaccharide? - ANS two monosaccharides linked together by condensation reactions with
glycosidic bonds releasing one H2O molecule
Alpha glucose structure - ANS
Beta glucose structure - ANS
Examples of Polysaccharides - ANS cellulose, glycogen and starch
,Monomer of Sucrose - ANS glucose and fructose
monomer of maltose - ANS glucose and glucose
monomer of lactose - ANS glucose and galactose
monomer of starch - ANS glucose
monomer of glycogen - ANS glucose
monomer of cellulose - ANS glucose
In animals, what carbohydrate stores energy? - ANS glycogen
What jobs do carbohydrates have other than storing energy? - ANS structural components
What differs the polysaccharides all made up of glucose? - ANS they differ in the arrangement of glucose
molecules and position of the glycosidic bonds
Starch arrangement - ANS amylopectin branched, amylose linear
What is galactose? - ANS a sugar in milk
What is fructose? - ANS a sugar found in fruit and honey
Main characteristic of lipids? - ANS little to no affinity to water, mostly hydrophobic
, What are the simple forms of lipids? - ANS fat, oil and wax
What are lipids characteristics in different solvents? - ANS they are non-polar and insoluble in water, but
soluble in organic solvents
What are triglycerides? - ANS the main group of lipids. They are formed by condensation reactions
between one glycerol and three fatty acids, creating ester bonds
What are the main types of triglycerides? - ANS fats and oils. Fats are solid and oil liquid at room temp
What are fatty acids? - ANS carboxylic acids, possessing a -COOH functional group
What are the two basic forms of fatty acids? - ANS saturated and unsaturated
What differs saturated from unsaturated fatty acids? - ANS Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds; a
monounsaturated having one, whereas a polyunsaturated having multiple
What are cis and trANS isomers? - ANS cis having the double bond elements on the same side, tr ANS on
opposite
Benefit of lipids over carbohydrates? - ANS Lipids have a higher energy content and can act as thermal
insulators
What is the primary protein structure? - ANS the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
What is the secondary protein structure? - ANS Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix. Hydrogen bonds
between polypeptides form these structures
