NURS 331 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Functions of the Lymph System - ANS 1. returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood
2. absorption of chyme (fatty substance c milky appearance) in lymph
3. defense against invading microorganisms (antigens); filters and destroys antigens
through WBC and antibodies
Antigen - ANS substances on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria; can also be
toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles
Lymph Nodes ANSWER small, round, or bean-shaped organs containing lymphocytes &
macrophages; filter foreign agents from the body and drains lymph fluid
Thymus Gland ANSWER located in lower neck and mediastinum of the chest; forms the
T lymphocytes/cells of the body
Bone Marrow ANSWER programs B lymphocytes/cells; found in iliac crest, sternum, and
in bone cavities
Spleen - main filter organ; located in the LUQ of the abdomen; consists of white and red
pulp; splenectomy in kids can be result in septicemia
White Pulp vs Red Pulp - White: tissue offers a site for T and B lymphocyte proliferation;
filters out and inactivates foreign agents
Red: blood reservoir; filter out old/damaged RBCs
,Tonsils/Appendix - lymphocytes recognize foreign agents
White Blood Cells - ANSWER arise from bone marrow from stem cells; primary cells
participating in the immune/infammatory reaction; has two types: granulocytes and
agranulocytes
3 types of granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils - ANSWER 1st line of defense; move to die in 90 minutes and migrate into
the tissue; initiate phagocytic activity with dead tissue and bacteria; life span is 24-48
hrs
Bands - ANSWER immature neutrophils; excessive amounts in circulation is termed shift
to the left
Eosinophils - ANSWER respond to stimuli generated in the course of an allergic
reaction, they detoxify and ingest antigen-antibody complexes before they can harm the
body
Basophils - ANSWER when they enter tissue they localized attach to or become mast
cells; mediate the IgE immune response and release enzymes, heparin, and histamine
Types of agranulocytes ANSWER lymphocytes and monocytes
Monocytes ANSWER largest WBC; migrate to insulted area within 24 hrs through
chemotaxis; once they migrate into the tissue they are termed macrophages; two types
are macrophages and dendrites
Macrophages ANSWER ingest antigens, process them, and present them to helper T
cells which begins cell-mediated immunity; role is to clean the area to begin healing; can
fuse together and form a multinucleated giant cell that is encapsulated by collagen,
leading to the formation of a granuloma
,Dendritic cells, or Antigen Presenting Cells, are found in tissues that interface with the
external environment. They have a primary function of processing antigen material by
gathering the antigen through its dendritic branches and then presenting it on the cell
surface to T cells and B cells. They thereby initiate and shape the adaptive immune
response. They process antigens in 6-18 hours.
Lymphocytes - ANSWER small (T and B cells) and large (NK cells)
1st line of defense in the immune system (innate) - ANSWER 1. Skin: sloughing,
moisture, normal flora
2. Tears: lysosomes and mucous
3. Nasal passages: hair and mucous
4. Mouth: saliva and mucous
5. Lungs: mucous, cilia, coughing, sneezing
6. GI tract: acid, normal flora
7. Intestine: normal flora
8. Bladder: one-way flow, flushing
9. Vagina: acid, normal flora
10. Seminal fluid: zinc
2nd line of defense in the immune system - ANSWER 1. Phagocytosis
2. Complement System (bacterial cascade)
3. Interferon (viral cascade)
4. Inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
3rd line of defense in immune system - acquired - ANSWER 1. cell-mediated immunity
, 2. antibody-mediated immunity - humoral
Cell Mediated Immunity: Primary Encounter ANSWER the presenting cells and T cells
release chemicals (interleukins, cytokines) that allows the cloning of T cells (helper,
cytotoxic, suppresser, and memory)
Helper T Cells ANSWER release cytokines and interleukins which stimulate activity of
other cells; help B cells to activate plasma cells which produce antibodies and
immunoglobulins; help neutrophils and monocytes be more phagocytic; help mast cells
produce an inflammatory response
Cytotoxic T cells - ANSWER kill and destroy infected viral cells, cancer cells, and is
responsible for organ transplant rejection
Suppresser T cells - ANSWER inhibit B cells
Memory T cells - ANSWER remembers antigens for second encounter
Cell Mediated Immunity: Second Encounter - ANSWER memory T cells have specific
receptor sites for an antigen and launch a rapid attack to destroy the foreigners
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral) - ANSWER B cells are responsible for the
production of antibodies that react with antigens; helper T cells secrete IL-2, thus
stimulating B cells to divide rapidly and form clones.
Plasma B Cells- ANSWER produce large amounts of antibodies, or primary response,
transported through the blood and lymph to the site of infection where the antigens are
inactivated; debris cleaned up by macrophages; suppressor T cells slow down the
immune response
Memory B cells- ANSWER Stored in lymphatic tissue until antigen enters the system
again, or secondary response, and initiates immediate attack
ANSWERS A+ GRADED
Functions of the Lymph System - ANS 1. returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood
2. absorption of chyme (fatty substance c milky appearance) in lymph
3. defense against invading microorganisms (antigens); filters and destroys antigens
through WBC and antibodies
Antigen - ANS substances on surface of cells, viruses, fungi, or bacteria; can also be
toxins, chemicals, drugs, and foreign particles
Lymph Nodes ANSWER small, round, or bean-shaped organs containing lymphocytes &
macrophages; filter foreign agents from the body and drains lymph fluid
Thymus Gland ANSWER located in lower neck and mediastinum of the chest; forms the
T lymphocytes/cells of the body
Bone Marrow ANSWER programs B lymphocytes/cells; found in iliac crest, sternum, and
in bone cavities
Spleen - main filter organ; located in the LUQ of the abdomen; consists of white and red
pulp; splenectomy in kids can be result in septicemia
White Pulp vs Red Pulp - White: tissue offers a site for T and B lymphocyte proliferation;
filters out and inactivates foreign agents
Red: blood reservoir; filter out old/damaged RBCs
,Tonsils/Appendix - lymphocytes recognize foreign agents
White Blood Cells - ANSWER arise from bone marrow from stem cells; primary cells
participating in the immune/infammatory reaction; has two types: granulocytes and
agranulocytes
3 types of granulocytes - ANSWER neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Neutrophils - ANSWER 1st line of defense; move to die in 90 minutes and migrate into
the tissue; initiate phagocytic activity with dead tissue and bacteria; life span is 24-48
hrs
Bands - ANSWER immature neutrophils; excessive amounts in circulation is termed shift
to the left
Eosinophils - ANSWER respond to stimuli generated in the course of an allergic
reaction, they detoxify and ingest antigen-antibody complexes before they can harm the
body
Basophils - ANSWER when they enter tissue they localized attach to or become mast
cells; mediate the IgE immune response and release enzymes, heparin, and histamine
Types of agranulocytes ANSWER lymphocytes and monocytes
Monocytes ANSWER largest WBC; migrate to insulted area within 24 hrs through
chemotaxis; once they migrate into the tissue they are termed macrophages; two types
are macrophages and dendrites
Macrophages ANSWER ingest antigens, process them, and present them to helper T
cells which begins cell-mediated immunity; role is to clean the area to begin healing; can
fuse together and form a multinucleated giant cell that is encapsulated by collagen,
leading to the formation of a granuloma
,Dendritic cells, or Antigen Presenting Cells, are found in tissues that interface with the
external environment. They have a primary function of processing antigen material by
gathering the antigen through its dendritic branches and then presenting it on the cell
surface to T cells and B cells. They thereby initiate and shape the adaptive immune
response. They process antigens in 6-18 hours.
Lymphocytes - ANSWER small (T and B cells) and large (NK cells)
1st line of defense in the immune system (innate) - ANSWER 1. Skin: sloughing,
moisture, normal flora
2. Tears: lysosomes and mucous
3. Nasal passages: hair and mucous
4. Mouth: saliva and mucous
5. Lungs: mucous, cilia, coughing, sneezing
6. GI tract: acid, normal flora
7. Intestine: normal flora
8. Bladder: one-way flow, flushing
9. Vagina: acid, normal flora
10. Seminal fluid: zinc
2nd line of defense in the immune system - ANSWER 1. Phagocytosis
2. Complement System (bacterial cascade)
3. Interferon (viral cascade)
4. Inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function
3rd line of defense in immune system - acquired - ANSWER 1. cell-mediated immunity
, 2. antibody-mediated immunity - humoral
Cell Mediated Immunity: Primary Encounter ANSWER the presenting cells and T cells
release chemicals (interleukins, cytokines) that allows the cloning of T cells (helper,
cytotoxic, suppresser, and memory)
Helper T Cells ANSWER release cytokines and interleukins which stimulate activity of
other cells; help B cells to activate plasma cells which produce antibodies and
immunoglobulins; help neutrophils and monocytes be more phagocytic; help mast cells
produce an inflammatory response
Cytotoxic T cells - ANSWER kill and destroy infected viral cells, cancer cells, and is
responsible for organ transplant rejection
Suppresser T cells - ANSWER inhibit B cells
Memory T cells - ANSWER remembers antigens for second encounter
Cell Mediated Immunity: Second Encounter - ANSWER memory T cells have specific
receptor sites for an antigen and launch a rapid attack to destroy the foreigners
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral) - ANSWER B cells are responsible for the
production of antibodies that react with antigens; helper T cells secrete IL-2, thus
stimulating B cells to divide rapidly and form clones.
Plasma B Cells- ANSWER produce large amounts of antibodies, or primary response,
transported through the blood and lymph to the site of infection where the antigens are
inactivated; debris cleaned up by macrophages; suppressor T cells slow down the
immune response
Memory B cells- ANSWER Stored in lymphatic tissue until antigen enters the system
again, or secondary response, and initiates immediate attack
