PORTAGE LEARNING A&P II: Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers 2023-2024
Steps of an action potential - ANSWER..> 1) RESTING POTENTIAL = -
70mV
- POLARIZED from the difference in electrical charge inside and outside
membrane
- Na+ and K+ gates CLOSED
2) DEPOLARIZATION = +40mV
- Na+ gates OPEN and Na+ goes INTO cell, making charge more positive
3) REPOLARIZATION => Na+ gates close, and K+ gates OPEN, allowing K+
to go OUT of cell, returning to NEGATIVE charge
4) HYPERPOLARIZATION => K+ gates are SLOW to close, which
undershoots action potential, and voltage forms BELOW -70mV before
returning to resting potential
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER..> 1. Cranial
nerves
2. Spinal nerves
- Ganglia = cell bodies in PNS
- Nerves = collection of nerve axons in PNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER..> the sensory and motor
neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- SENSORY signals from sensory organs via AFFERENT DIVISION to the
CNS => back to muscles and glands via motor, EFFERENT DIVISION
(somatic and autonomic NS)
1
,Somatic NS vs. Autonomic NS - ANSWER..> Somatic NS:
- 1 motor neuron to target
- innervates skeletal muscle for VOLUNTARY movement
Autonomic NS:
- chain of 2+ motor neurons to target
- preganglionic & postganglionic neurons
- innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands for
INVOLUNTARY control
- SYMPATHETIC division and PARASYMPATHETIC division
Sympathetic NS vs. Parasympathetic NS - ANSWER..> Sympathetic (fight
or flight) =>activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular
activity, stress, and/or emergencies
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) => operates during normal situations,
permits digestion, and conserves energy
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER..> 1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
- Cell bodies = cell bodies in CNS
- Tracts = collection of nerve axons in the CNS
Parts of the neuron - ANSWER..> 1) Cell body => synthesizes all nerve
products; manufacturers neurotransmitters; contains NO CENTRIOLES
(bc no mitosis)
2) Axon => conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to axon
terminals; contain NO rough ER
3) Dendrites => RECEIVING end of impulses
2
,3 types of neurons - ANSWER..> 1) SENSORY neurons => Afferent,
UNIpolar, carry info from PNS to CNS
2) MOTOR neurons => Efferent, MULTIpolar, send messages from CNS
to PNS
3) INTERNEURONS => ONLY in CNS; MULTIpolar, transmit impulses
within different parts of the CNS
Multipolar neuron vs. Bipolar neuron vs. Unipolar neuron - ANSWER..>
MULTIPOLAR = 1 axon + many dendrites
BIPOLAR = 2 extensions from central body
- found within SPECIAL receptor cells in visual and olfactory systems
UNIPOLAR = 1 extension off cell body that BRANCHES into 2:
1) central running to CNS
2) peripheral running to sensory receptors
neuroglia cells - ANSWER..> support cells for neurons
ganglia - ANSWER..> Collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Schwann cells - ANSWER..> type of neuroglial cell that coats sections of
axon in a fatty layer = MYELIN SHEATH to provide insulation and
increase speed of nerve impulses
satellite cells - ANSWER..> surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, helping
to regulate the cell body environment
axonal regeneration - ANSWER..> nerves themselves cannot
regenerate, BUT axons in the PNS can regrow under certain conditions
3
, - Schwann cells grow ahead of axons, creating a path for the axon to
follow as it grows
Types of neutoglial cells in the CNS - ANSWER..> 1) Ependymal cells =>
circulate CSF to allow fluid exchange
2) Ogliodendrocytes => insulation for CNS axons
3) Astrocytes => control chemical environment by wrapping around
capillaries, establishing the selective BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
4) Microglial cells => protect CNS by scavenging dead cells and
microorganisms
self-propagation - ANSWER..> ion channels are prompted to open when
membrane potential decreases (DEPOLARIZES) regardless => ALL-OR-
NOTHING process
- INTENSITY of signal = # of neurons stimulated and the frequency of
stimulation
What occurs at the synapse? - ANSWER..> ELECTRICAL > CHEMICAL >
ELECTRICAL
- neurotransmitters allow signal to jump synaptic gap
1) Voltage-gated Ca+ channels OPEN
2) Ca+ rushing INTO cell, causing VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS
to FUSE WITH MEMBRANE
3) Vesicles release NEUROTRANSMITTERS into synaptic space, where
they bind to extracellular receptors on postsynaptic neuron
- short distance and time prevents continuous stimulation via
INHIBITION
4
Correct Answers 2023-2024
Steps of an action potential - ANSWER..> 1) RESTING POTENTIAL = -
70mV
- POLARIZED from the difference in electrical charge inside and outside
membrane
- Na+ and K+ gates CLOSED
2) DEPOLARIZATION = +40mV
- Na+ gates OPEN and Na+ goes INTO cell, making charge more positive
3) REPOLARIZATION => Na+ gates close, and K+ gates OPEN, allowing K+
to go OUT of cell, returning to NEGATIVE charge
4) HYPERPOLARIZATION => K+ gates are SLOW to close, which
undershoots action potential, and voltage forms BELOW -70mV before
returning to resting potential
Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER..> 1. Cranial
nerves
2. Spinal nerves
- Ganglia = cell bodies in PNS
- Nerves = collection of nerve axons in PNS
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER..> the sensory and motor
neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
- SENSORY signals from sensory organs via AFFERENT DIVISION to the
CNS => back to muscles and glands via motor, EFFERENT DIVISION
(somatic and autonomic NS)
1
,Somatic NS vs. Autonomic NS - ANSWER..> Somatic NS:
- 1 motor neuron to target
- innervates skeletal muscle for VOLUNTARY movement
Autonomic NS:
- chain of 2+ motor neurons to target
- preganglionic & postganglionic neurons
- innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands for
INVOLUNTARY control
- SYMPATHETIC division and PARASYMPATHETIC division
Sympathetic NS vs. Parasympathetic NS - ANSWER..> Sympathetic (fight
or flight) =>activates and prepares the body for vigorous muscular
activity, stress, and/or emergencies
Parasympathetic (rest and digest) => operates during normal situations,
permits digestion, and conserves energy
Parts of the Central Nervous System (CNS) - ANSWER..> 1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
- Cell bodies = cell bodies in CNS
- Tracts = collection of nerve axons in the CNS
Parts of the neuron - ANSWER..> 1) Cell body => synthesizes all nerve
products; manufacturers neurotransmitters; contains NO CENTRIOLES
(bc no mitosis)
2) Axon => conducts nerve impulses away from cell body to axon
terminals; contain NO rough ER
3) Dendrites => RECEIVING end of impulses
2
,3 types of neurons - ANSWER..> 1) SENSORY neurons => Afferent,
UNIpolar, carry info from PNS to CNS
2) MOTOR neurons => Efferent, MULTIpolar, send messages from CNS
to PNS
3) INTERNEURONS => ONLY in CNS; MULTIpolar, transmit impulses
within different parts of the CNS
Multipolar neuron vs. Bipolar neuron vs. Unipolar neuron - ANSWER..>
MULTIPOLAR = 1 axon + many dendrites
BIPOLAR = 2 extensions from central body
- found within SPECIAL receptor cells in visual and olfactory systems
UNIPOLAR = 1 extension off cell body that BRANCHES into 2:
1) central running to CNS
2) peripheral running to sensory receptors
neuroglia cells - ANSWER..> support cells for neurons
ganglia - ANSWER..> Collections of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Schwann cells - ANSWER..> type of neuroglial cell that coats sections of
axon in a fatty layer = MYELIN SHEATH to provide insulation and
increase speed of nerve impulses
satellite cells - ANSWER..> surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, helping
to regulate the cell body environment
axonal regeneration - ANSWER..> nerves themselves cannot
regenerate, BUT axons in the PNS can regrow under certain conditions
3
, - Schwann cells grow ahead of axons, creating a path for the axon to
follow as it grows
Types of neutoglial cells in the CNS - ANSWER..> 1) Ependymal cells =>
circulate CSF to allow fluid exchange
2) Ogliodendrocytes => insulation for CNS axons
3) Astrocytes => control chemical environment by wrapping around
capillaries, establishing the selective BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
4) Microglial cells => protect CNS by scavenging dead cells and
microorganisms
self-propagation - ANSWER..> ion channels are prompted to open when
membrane potential decreases (DEPOLARIZES) regardless => ALL-OR-
NOTHING process
- INTENSITY of signal = # of neurons stimulated and the frequency of
stimulation
What occurs at the synapse? - ANSWER..> ELECTRICAL > CHEMICAL >
ELECTRICAL
- neurotransmitters allow signal to jump synaptic gap
1) Voltage-gated Ca+ channels OPEN
2) Ca+ rushing INTO cell, causing VESICLES with NEUROTRANSMITTERS
to FUSE WITH MEMBRANE
3) Vesicles release NEUROTRANSMITTERS into synaptic space, where
they bind to extracellular receptors on postsynaptic neuron
- short distance and time prevents continuous stimulation via
INHIBITION
4
