Bio 201 Exam 1|Anatomy and
Physiology| Review 2024/2025| Complete
solution A+
What is the role of electrolytes in maintaining cellular function?
Electrolytes help regulate nerve impulses, muscle contractions, hydration, and blood pH.
Define embryology, cytology & microscopic anatomy ...Embryology- development before
birth, Cytology- cells of the body, Microscopic Anatomy- structures to small to be seen with
naked eye
How does pH influence enzyme activity in the body?
Enzymes have optimal pH levels at which they function best; deviations can lead to reduced
activity or denaturation.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for cells and are involved in cellular
structure.
How do lipids contribute to cellular membrane structure?
Lipids form the phospholipid bilayer that provides fluidity and barrier functions in cellular
membranes.
1
,What is the significance of the amino acid sequence in protein function?
The amino acid sequence determines a protein's structure, which in turn dictates its specific
function in the body.
How do ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds in biological molecules?
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons and result in charged ions, while covalent bonds
involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is the role of water as a solvent in biochemical reactions?
Water dissolves various substances, facilitating metabolic reactions and nutrient transport.
How does the structure of DNA contribute to its function in genetic information storage?
DNA's double helix structure allows for stable storage of genetic information and precise
replication.
What are the primary types of chemical reactions that occur in metabolic pathways?
The main types include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double
replacement reactions.
How do buffers help maintain pH homeostasis in the body?
Buffers resist changes in pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases, maintaining a stable
internal environment.
2
, What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in biological macromolecules?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize structures like proteins and nucleic acids, affecting their shape and
function.
What is the role of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, increasing the rate of metabolic
processes.
How do free radicals affect cellular function?
Free radicals can damage cellular components, leading to oxidative stress and potential cell
death.
What is the importance of the lock-and-key model in enzyme-substrate interactions?
The lock-and-key model illustrates how specific enzymes interact with specific substrates,
ensuring efficiency in biochemical reactions.
How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ in structure and function?
Saturated fats contain no double bonds between carbon atoms, making them solid at room
temperature, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, making them liquid.
What role do trace elements play in human physiology?
Trace elements are essential for various biochemical processes, including enzyme function
and hormone production.
3
Physiology| Review 2024/2025| Complete
solution A+
What is the role of electrolytes in maintaining cellular function?
Electrolytes help regulate nerve impulses, muscle contractions, hydration, and blood pH.
Define embryology, cytology & microscopic anatomy ...Embryology- development before
birth, Cytology- cells of the body, Microscopic Anatomy- structures to small to be seen with
naked eye
How does pH influence enzyme activity in the body?
Enzymes have optimal pH levels at which they function best; deviations can lead to reduced
activity or denaturation.
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the human body?
Carbohydrates serve as a primary energy source for cells and are involved in cellular
structure.
How do lipids contribute to cellular membrane structure?
Lipids form the phospholipid bilayer that provides fluidity and barrier functions in cellular
membranes.
1
,What is the significance of the amino acid sequence in protein function?
The amino acid sequence determines a protein's structure, which in turn dictates its specific
function in the body.
How do ionic bonds differ from covalent bonds in biological molecules?
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons and result in charged ions, while covalent bonds
involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
What is the role of water as a solvent in biochemical reactions?
Water dissolves various substances, facilitating metabolic reactions and nutrient transport.
How does the structure of DNA contribute to its function in genetic information storage?
DNA's double helix structure allows for stable storage of genetic information and precise
replication.
What are the primary types of chemical reactions that occur in metabolic pathways?
The main types include synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double
replacement reactions.
How do buffers help maintain pH homeostasis in the body?
Buffers resist changes in pH by neutralizing excess acids or bases, maintaining a stable
internal environment.
2
, What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in biological macromolecules?
Hydrogen bonds stabilize structures like proteins and nucleic acids, affecting their shape and
function.
What is the role of enzymes as catalysts in biochemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for reactions, increasing the rate of metabolic
processes.
How do free radicals affect cellular function?
Free radicals can damage cellular components, leading to oxidative stress and potential cell
death.
What is the importance of the lock-and-key model in enzyme-substrate interactions?
The lock-and-key model illustrates how specific enzymes interact with specific substrates,
ensuring efficiency in biochemical reactions.
How do saturated and unsaturated fats differ in structure and function?
Saturated fats contain no double bonds between carbon atoms, making them solid at room
temperature, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, making them liquid.
What role do trace elements play in human physiology?
Trace elements are essential for various biochemical processes, including enzyme function
and hormone production.
3
