SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

,Artificial Intelligence
1 vbIntroduction vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 2 vbIntelligent vbAgents vb... vb
II vbProblem-solving
vb vb vb vb 3 vbSolving vbProblems vbby vbSearching vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 4 vbSearch vbin vbComplex vbEnvironments vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 5 vbAdversarial vbSearch vband vbGames vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 6 vbConstraint vbSatisfaction vbProblems vb... vb
III vbKnowledge, vbreasoning, vband vbplanning
vb vb vb vb 7 vbLogical vbAgents vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 8 vbFirst-Order vbLogic vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 9 vbInference vbin vbFirst-Order vbLogic vb...
vb vb vb vb 10 vbKnowledge vbRepresentation vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 11 vbAutomated vbPlanning vb... vb
IV vbUncertain vbknowledge vband vbreasoning
vb vb vb vb 12 vbQuantifying vbUncertainty vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 13 vbProbabilistic vbReasoning vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 14 vbProbabilistic vbReasoning vbover vbTime vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 15 vbProbabilistic vbProgramming vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 16 vbMaking vbSimple vbDecisions vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 17 vbMaking vbComplex vbDecisions vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 18 vbMultiagent vbDecision vbMaking vb... vb
V vbMachine vbLearning

,vb vb vb vb 19 vbLearning vbfrom vbExamples vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 20 vbLearning vbProbabilistic vbModels vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 21 vbDeep vbLearning vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 22 vbReinforcement vbLearning vb... vb
VI vbCommunicating, vbperceiving, vband vbacting
vb vb vb vb 23 vbNatural vbLanguage vbProcessing vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 24 vbDeep vbLearning vbfor vbNatural vbLanguage vbProcessing vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 25 vbComputer vbVision vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 26 vbRobotics vb... vb
VII vbConclusions
vb vb vb vb 27 vbPhilosophy, vbEthics, vband vbSafety vbof vbAI vb... vb
vb vb vb vb 28 vbThe vbFuture vbof vbAI

, EXERCISES v b vb
1
INTRODUCTION
Note vbthat vbfor vbmany vbof vbthe vbquestions vbin vbthis vbchapter, vbwe vbgive vbreferences
vbwhere vbanswers vbcan vbbe vbfound vbrather vbthan vbwriting vbthem vbout—the vbfull
vbanswers vbwould vbbe vbfar vbtoo vblong.


1.1 vb What vbIs vbAI?

Exercise 1.1.#DEFA
Define in your own words: (a) intelligence, (b) artificial intelligence, (c) agent, (d) ra-
tionality, (e) logical reasoning.


a. Dictionary vbdefinitions vbof vbintelligence vbtalk vbabout vb“the vbcapacity vbto
vbacquire vband vbapply vbknowledge” vbor vb“the vbfaculty vbof vbthought vband
vbreason” vbor vb“the vbability vbto vbcomprehend vband vbprofit vbfrom vbexperience.”
v b These vbare vball vbreasonable vbanswers, vbbut vbif vbwe vbwant vbsomething
vbquantifiable vbwe vbwould vbuse vbsomething vblike vb“the vbability vbto vbact
vbsuccessfully vbacross vba vbwide vbrange vbof vbobjectives vbin vbcomplex
vbenvironments.”
b. We vbdefine vbartificial vbintelligence vbas vbthe vbstudy vband vbconstruction vbof
vbagent vbprograms vbthat vbperform vbwell vbin vba vbgiven vbclass vbof vbenvironments,
vbfor vba vbgiven vbagent vbarchitecture; vbthey vbdo vbthe vbright vbthing. v b An
vbimportant vbpart vbof vbthat vbis vbdealing vbwith vbthe vbuncertainty vbof vbwhat vbthe
vbcurrent vbstate vbis, vbwhat vbthe vboutcome vbof vbpossible vbactions vbmight vbbe,
vband vbwhat vbis vbit vbthat vbwe vbreally vbdesire.
c. We vbdefine vban vbagent vbas vban vbentity vbthat vbtakes vbaction vbin vbresponse vbto
vbpercepts vbfrom vban vbenvi- vbronment.
d. We vbdefine vbrationality vbas vbthe vbproperty vbof vba vbsystem vbwhich vbdoes vbthe
vb“right vbthing” vbgiven vbwhat vbit vbknows. v b See vbSection vb2.2 vbfor vba vbmore
vbcomplete vbdiscussion. v b The vbbasic vbconcept vbis vbperfect vbrationality; vbSection
vb?? vbdescribes vbthe vbimpossibility vbof vbachieving vbperfect vbrational- vbity vband
vbproposes vban vbalternative vbdefinition.
e. We vbdefine vblogical vbreasoning vbas vbthe vba vbprocess vbof vbderiving vbnew
vbsentences vbfrom vbold, vbsuch vbthat vbthe vbnew vbsentences vbare vbnecessarily vbtrue vbif
vbthe vbold vbones vbare vbtrue. vb(Notice vbthat vbdoes vbnot vbrefer vbto vbany vbspecific
vbsyntax vbor vbformal vblanguage, vbbut vbit vbdoes vbrequire vba vbwell-defined vbnotion vbof
vbtruth.)

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Exercise 1.1.#TURI
Read Turing’s original paper on AI (Turing, 1950). In the paper, he discusses several
objections to his proposed enterprise and his test for intelligence. Which objections still carry