NUR 111 Exam 4 Questions And 100% Correct Answers
Inflammation - ANS A localized reaction intended to neutralize, control or eliminate an
offending agent.
Inflammatory Response - ANS Inflammation is a localized reaction intended to
neutralize, control or eliminate an offending agent.
Nonspecific response to injured or dead cells
Eliminates invading pathogens
Allows for tissue repair
Occurs in response to infection or injury
Infection is one way to get inflammation but it is not the only way
Can be acute or chronic
That offending agent may be the persons own body
Not specific
A protecting mechanism that responds to injured or dead cells
Usually occurs in healthy tissue adjacent to the dead cells
Stages of Inflammation - ANSWER 1st stage: Vascular response
Blood vessel response
2nd stage: Cellular Response
White blood cells
Reparative phase
They all happen very close together
,Vascular Response - ANSWER Usually localized to the area of injury but can be systemic
Momentary vasoconstriction then lots of Vasodilation
Increased permeability of the vasculature
This makes it easier for the blood and cells to pass through the walls of the blood
vessels
Increased concentration of blood
Due to the vasoconstriction and permeability
Clotting
Due to platelets rushing to the area that help clot off injury to stop the bleeding
Cellular Response - ANSWER Leukocytes accumulate at site
Due to increased permeability of the blood vessels
Cytokines cause the endothelial cells to bind to leukocytes
Cytokines are chemical messengers that signal the brain that there is an injury
White blood cells or leukocytes travel through the capillary into tissue
So you have white blood cells fighting infection in the tissue
Leukocytes engulf invading organisms
Exudate - ANSWER You get exudate with inflammation
If exudate starts to contain bacteria and bacterial debris then it becomes puss and is a
sign of a bacterial infection and becomes part of your excaudate
Moves into injured area following inflammatory event as part of cellular response
Transports
Proteins
Fluid
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
,Macrophages
Granulocytes
Healthy exudate - ANSWER The whole point of it if it is health is to:
Eliminate pathogen
Clear dead tissue debris
Secrete cytokines
Begin healing process
Reparative Phase - ANSWER Glucose and oxygen travel to site needing repair
Regeneration depends on cell type
Regeneration
Labile
Constantly dividing
So relatively easy to replace
Ex. Skin cells
Permanent
Does not regenerate
Ex. Neurons
Stable
Regenerate sometimes if there is injury
Takes longer because they do not multiply constantly
Ex. Kidney or liver cells
Renewal
Replacing the tissue that was damaged
Acute Inflammatory Response - ANSWER Tissue injury/exposure and the release of
chemical mediators
, Vasodilation and increased blood flow
Swelling and retraction of activated endothelial cells
Increased vascular permeability and leakage of small plasma proteins
"Walling
off"
Movement of immune response cells to the site of injury
Exudate formation
Motion of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
Release of
chemical repair
factors
from activated
endothelial
cells
Chemical Mediators - ANSWER Histamine and Kinins
Histamine - ANSWER Pro-inflammatory
Induces the vascular response
Lives in mast cells so the mast cells release the histamines which causes vasodilation
Inflammation - ANS A localized reaction intended to neutralize, control or eliminate an
offending agent.
Inflammatory Response - ANS Inflammation is a localized reaction intended to
neutralize, control or eliminate an offending agent.
Nonspecific response to injured or dead cells
Eliminates invading pathogens
Allows for tissue repair
Occurs in response to infection or injury
Infection is one way to get inflammation but it is not the only way
Can be acute or chronic
That offending agent may be the persons own body
Not specific
A protecting mechanism that responds to injured or dead cells
Usually occurs in healthy tissue adjacent to the dead cells
Stages of Inflammation - ANSWER 1st stage: Vascular response
Blood vessel response
2nd stage: Cellular Response
White blood cells
Reparative phase
They all happen very close together
,Vascular Response - ANSWER Usually localized to the area of injury but can be systemic
Momentary vasoconstriction then lots of Vasodilation
Increased permeability of the vasculature
This makes it easier for the blood and cells to pass through the walls of the blood
vessels
Increased concentration of blood
Due to the vasoconstriction and permeability
Clotting
Due to platelets rushing to the area that help clot off injury to stop the bleeding
Cellular Response - ANSWER Leukocytes accumulate at site
Due to increased permeability of the blood vessels
Cytokines cause the endothelial cells to bind to leukocytes
Cytokines are chemical messengers that signal the brain that there is an injury
White blood cells or leukocytes travel through the capillary into tissue
So you have white blood cells fighting infection in the tissue
Leukocytes engulf invading organisms
Exudate - ANSWER You get exudate with inflammation
If exudate starts to contain bacteria and bacterial debris then it becomes puss and is a
sign of a bacterial infection and becomes part of your excaudate
Moves into injured area following inflammatory event as part of cellular response
Transports
Proteins
Fluid
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
,Macrophages
Granulocytes
Healthy exudate - ANSWER The whole point of it if it is health is to:
Eliminate pathogen
Clear dead tissue debris
Secrete cytokines
Begin healing process
Reparative Phase - ANSWER Glucose and oxygen travel to site needing repair
Regeneration depends on cell type
Regeneration
Labile
Constantly dividing
So relatively easy to replace
Ex. Skin cells
Permanent
Does not regenerate
Ex. Neurons
Stable
Regenerate sometimes if there is injury
Takes longer because they do not multiply constantly
Ex. Kidney or liver cells
Renewal
Replacing the tissue that was damaged
Acute Inflammatory Response - ANSWER Tissue injury/exposure and the release of
chemical mediators
, Vasodilation and increased blood flow
Swelling and retraction of activated endothelial cells
Increased vascular permeability and leakage of small plasma proteins
"Walling
off"
Movement of immune response cells to the site of injury
Exudate formation
Motion of glucose and oxygen to the site needing repair
Release of
chemical repair
factors
from activated
endothelial
cells
Chemical Mediators - ANSWER Histamine and Kinins
Histamine - ANSWER Pro-inflammatory
Induces the vascular response
Lives in mast cells so the mast cells release the histamines which causes vasodilation
