Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice
5th Edition Test Bank
how long does it take for a drug to be eliminated from the body once
dosing stops. - ANS-takes between 4 and 5 half-lives
Drugs with short half-lives - ANS-leave the body quickly
Drugs with long half-lives - ANS-leave the body more slowly
Morphine has a half-life of 3 hours. If 50 mg. of morphine is administered,
how much remains in the body after one half-life? - ANS-25 mg
How long will it take for morphine to be completely eliminated from the
body if dosing is discontinued (assume a half-life of 3 hours)? - ANS-
approximately 4-5 half-lives or 12-15 hours
Steady-state - ANS--Occurs when the amount of drug administered
equals the amount of drug eliminated.
-It takes 4-5 half-lives for a drug to reach steady state.
Drug X has a half-life of 3 days. Assuming continued dosing, how long
before Drug X reaches steady-state concentration? - ANS-12-15 days
If a patient takes Drug X for a month and then stops taking it, how long
will it take for all the drug to be eliminated from the body? - ANS-12-15
days
When a drug is administered repeatedly, its level will fluctuate up and
down between doses... - ANS--The highest level = "peak concentration"
-The lowest level = "trough concentration"
,Pharmacodynamics - ANS-The study of what the drug does to the body
"impact of drugs on the body"
Maximal efficacy - ANS-the largest effect that a drug can produce
relative potency - ANS-amount of drug needed to elicit an effect
efficacy of a drug - ANS-degree to which drug produces desired response
in patient
Agonist - ANS-a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it
Antagonist - ANS-a drug that binds to a receptor and prevents another
chemical/drug from binding to it
Therapeutic Index (TI) - ANS--a measurement of a drug's safety.
-typically used in reference to research with laboratory animals.
The larger the TI, the safer the drug
-Therapeutic Index (TI) = LD50/ED50
How is the Initial Drug Dose Determined? - ANS-Initial dose of a drug is
an approximation
Properties of an Ideal Drug: - ANS--Effective- this property is a
requirement by the FDA before a drug can be released to market.
-Safe- this property is determined in clinical trials. A drug must be shown
to be relatively safe to the majority of patients but this can never be
guaranteed
-Selective- a drug that only produces the desired effect. No side effects.
No such thing as a selective drug.
,Reversible action- the actions of the drug should resolve completely if
stop the drug.
, fluoroquinolones interfere with DNA synthesis and are bactericidal -
ANS-true
When should HIV + pts START therapy - ANS-Therapy should begin as
soon as possible, including the day of diagnosis.
Drugs Used for HIV Infection:
Fusion Inhibitors - ANS-Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon, also known as T-20)-
Prototype
-prevent viruses from successfully fusing with the host cell
Mechanism of action: work by attaching to proteins on the surface of T-
cells or proteins on the surface of HIV. This prevents HIV from binding to
the proteins on T-cells.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity
Use: HIV that has become resistant to other medications
ADR's: Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia- especially smokers and
those with lung disease, history of IV drug use
Administration: requires 2 subcutaneous injections per day.
Cost: extremely expensive
Macrolides - ANS-Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Spectrum: broad
Bacteriostatic (bactericidal in high doses and susceptible bacteria)
5th Edition Test Bank
how long does it take for a drug to be eliminated from the body once
dosing stops. - ANS-takes between 4 and 5 half-lives
Drugs with short half-lives - ANS-leave the body quickly
Drugs with long half-lives - ANS-leave the body more slowly
Morphine has a half-life of 3 hours. If 50 mg. of morphine is administered,
how much remains in the body after one half-life? - ANS-25 mg
How long will it take for morphine to be completely eliminated from the
body if dosing is discontinued (assume a half-life of 3 hours)? - ANS-
approximately 4-5 half-lives or 12-15 hours
Steady-state - ANS--Occurs when the amount of drug administered
equals the amount of drug eliminated.
-It takes 4-5 half-lives for a drug to reach steady state.
Drug X has a half-life of 3 days. Assuming continued dosing, how long
before Drug X reaches steady-state concentration? - ANS-12-15 days
If a patient takes Drug X for a month and then stops taking it, how long
will it take for all the drug to be eliminated from the body? - ANS-12-15
days
When a drug is administered repeatedly, its level will fluctuate up and
down between doses... - ANS--The highest level = "peak concentration"
-The lowest level = "trough concentration"
,Pharmacodynamics - ANS-The study of what the drug does to the body
"impact of drugs on the body"
Maximal efficacy - ANS-the largest effect that a drug can produce
relative potency - ANS-amount of drug needed to elicit an effect
efficacy of a drug - ANS-degree to which drug produces desired response
in patient
Agonist - ANS-a drug that binds to a receptor and activates it
Antagonist - ANS-a drug that binds to a receptor and prevents another
chemical/drug from binding to it
Therapeutic Index (TI) - ANS--a measurement of a drug's safety.
-typically used in reference to research with laboratory animals.
The larger the TI, the safer the drug
-Therapeutic Index (TI) = LD50/ED50
How is the Initial Drug Dose Determined? - ANS-Initial dose of a drug is
an approximation
Properties of an Ideal Drug: - ANS--Effective- this property is a
requirement by the FDA before a drug can be released to market.
-Safe- this property is determined in clinical trials. A drug must be shown
to be relatively safe to the majority of patients but this can never be
guaranteed
-Selective- a drug that only produces the desired effect. No side effects.
No such thing as a selective drug.
,Reversible action- the actions of the drug should resolve completely if
stop the drug.
, fluoroquinolones interfere with DNA synthesis and are bactericidal -
ANS-true
When should HIV + pts START therapy - ANS-Therapy should begin as
soon as possible, including the day of diagnosis.
Drugs Used for HIV Infection:
Fusion Inhibitors - ANS-Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon, also known as T-20)-
Prototype
-prevent viruses from successfully fusing with the host cell
Mechanism of action: work by attaching to proteins on the surface of T-
cells or proteins on the surface of HIV. This prevents HIV from binding to
the proteins on T-cells.
Contraindications: hypersensitivity
Use: HIV that has become resistant to other medications
ADR's: Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia- especially smokers and
those with lung disease, history of IV drug use
Administration: requires 2 subcutaneous injections per day.
Cost: extremely expensive
Macrolides - ANS-Azithromycin
Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Spectrum: broad
Bacteriostatic (bactericidal in high doses and susceptible bacteria)
