NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWRS GRADED A+
1. 10 rights of medication administration: 1. Right Medication
2. Right Dose
3. Right Time
4. Right Route
5. Right Client
6. Right Client Education
7. Right Documentation
8. Right to Refuse
9. Right Reason
10. Right Evaluation
2. drug: any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
3. Pharmacology: study or science of drugs
4. Pharmaceutics: The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including
dosage form design.
5. Enteral dosage forms: Tablets, capsules, oral soluble wafers, pills, timed-release
capsules, timed-release tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, emulsions, lozenges
or troches, rectal suppositories, sublingual or buccal tablets
6. Parenteral Dosage Forms: Injectable forms, solutions, suspensions, emulsions,
powders for reconstitution
7. Topical dosage forms: Aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions,
foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal and vaginal suppositories
8. Pharmacokinetics: study of what the body does to the drug and the study of
ADME
9. ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
10. Pharmacodynamics: the study of the biochemical and physiological interac-
tions of drugs at their sites of activity.
11. Pharmacotherapeutics: The treatment of pathologic conditions through the
use of drugs
12. Pharmacognosy: The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and
animal sources.
13. Pharmacogenetics: the study of the influence on genetic factors on drug re-
sponse
14. Toxicology: The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable
treatments.
15. Pharmacoeconomics: The study of economic factors impacting the cost of
drug therapy.
16. 3 types of drug names: chemical, generic, trade
17. chemical drug name: Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecu-
lar structure
, NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWRS GRADED A+
18. Generic drug name: official, nonproprietary name for the drug
19. Trade drug name: also known as brand or proprietary name. This is the name
under which a manufacturer markets the medication.
20. Enteral route - absorption: the drug is absorbed though the mucosa of the
stomach, small intestine, or large intestine
21. Parenteral Route: any where other than the gastrointestinal tract - commonly
refers to injection
22. Topical Route: application of drugs directly to body surfaces - skin, eyes, ears,
nose, lungs, rectum, vagina
23. Inhalation route: inhaled drugs are delivered directly to the lungs as microme-
tre-sized drug particles
24. Absorption: the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream for distribution to tissues
25. Distribution: transport of a drug by the blood stream to the drugs site of action
26. Metabolism: involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into any of the follow-
ing: an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent metabolite, a
less active metabolite
27. Organ most responsible for metabolism of a drug: the liver
28. Excretion: the elimination of drugs from the body
29. Primary organ responsible for drug elimination: the kidney
30. Substrates: targeted drugs for specific enzymes - any drug that binds to an
enzyme
31. Lipophilic: fat loving
32. Hydrophilic: water loving
33. drug-drug interaction: when the presence of one drug increases or decreases
the action of another drug administered concurrently
34. "free drug": active - unbound portion of a drug bound to albumin
35. "bound drug": part of the drug bound to the albumin - inactive
36. Albumin: most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound
drug molecules
37. Bioavailability: describes the extent of drug absorption
38. Transdermal route: drug delivery through adhesive drug patches
39. Subcutaneous route: injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the
dermal layer of the skin
40. Intramuscular (IM): injections given into the muscle beneath the subcutaneous
fatty tissue
41. Intravenous (IV): delivers the drug directly into circulation where it is distributed
by the bloodstream throughout the body
42. Sublingual & Buccal route: Under tongue, in cheek
, NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWRS GRADED A+
43. Therapeutic effect: A positive/intended change in a faulty physiological system
44. Pharmacodynamics: the relationship between the drug concentrations and the
pharmacological response (actions of the drug)
45. Mechanism of Action: Once the drug is at the site of action, it can modify
(increase or decrease) the rate at which that cell or tissue functions, or it can modify
the strength of function of that cell or tissue
46. Receptor: a reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell. most commonly a
protein structure within the cell membrane.
47. Pharmacological Response: What happens when a drug binds to and interacts
with a receptor
48. Affinity: the degree to which a drug attaches and binds with a receptor
49. Enzymes: substances that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell
50. Selective Interaction: a drug may inhibit or enhance the action of a SPECIFIC
enzyme
51. Drug-enzyme interaction: when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme mol-
ecule in such a way that it alters the enzyme's interaction with its normal target
molecules in the body
52. Nonselective Interactions: instead of reacting with receptors or enzymes, their
main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes such as metabolic
activities.
53. Half-life: The time required for one half of a given drug to be removed from the
body during elimination phase
54. Steady state: amount of drug removed via elimination = amount absorbed with
each dose
55. Peak level: The maximum concentration of a drug in the body/blood after
administration
56. Trough level: The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body/blood after
it falls from its peak level
57. Toxicity: occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high
58. Therapeutic drug monitoring: used to monitor peak/trough levels, adequate
therapeutic effects, and minimize drug toxicity
59. Onset: time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
60. Peak effect: the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic
response in the body
61. Duration of action: The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood
or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.
62. Acute therapy: used for acute illness
63. Maintenance therapy: chronic disease maintenance therapy - does not cure,
only prevent future damages
1. 10 rights of medication administration: 1. Right Medication
2. Right Dose
3. Right Time
4. Right Route
5. Right Client
6. Right Client Education
7. Right Documentation
8. Right to Refuse
9. Right Reason
10. Right Evaluation
2. drug: any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
3. Pharmacology: study or science of drugs
4. Pharmaceutics: The science of preparing and dispensing drugs, including
dosage form design.
5. Enteral dosage forms: Tablets, capsules, oral soluble wafers, pills, timed-release
capsules, timed-release tablets, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, emulsions, lozenges
or troches, rectal suppositories, sublingual or buccal tablets
6. Parenteral Dosage Forms: Injectable forms, solutions, suspensions, emulsions,
powders for reconstitution
7. Topical dosage forms: Aerosols, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, solutions,
foams, gels, transdermal patches, inhalers, rectal and vaginal suppositories
8. Pharmacokinetics: study of what the body does to the drug and the study of
ADME
9. ADME: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
10. Pharmacodynamics: the study of the biochemical and physiological interac-
tions of drugs at their sites of activity.
11. Pharmacotherapeutics: The treatment of pathologic conditions through the
use of drugs
12. Pharmacognosy: The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and
animal sources.
13. Pharmacogenetics: the study of the influence on genetic factors on drug re-
sponse
14. Toxicology: The study of poisons, including toxic drug effects, and applicable
treatments.
15. Pharmacoeconomics: The study of economic factors impacting the cost of
drug therapy.
16. 3 types of drug names: chemical, generic, trade
17. chemical drug name: Describes the drug's chemical composition and molecu-
lar structure
, NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWRS GRADED A+
18. Generic drug name: official, nonproprietary name for the drug
19. Trade drug name: also known as brand or proprietary name. This is the name
under which a manufacturer markets the medication.
20. Enteral route - absorption: the drug is absorbed though the mucosa of the
stomach, small intestine, or large intestine
21. Parenteral Route: any where other than the gastrointestinal tract - commonly
refers to injection
22. Topical Route: application of drugs directly to body surfaces - skin, eyes, ears,
nose, lungs, rectum, vagina
23. Inhalation route: inhaled drugs are delivered directly to the lungs as microme-
tre-sized drug particles
24. Absorption: the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the
bloodstream for distribution to tissues
25. Distribution: transport of a drug by the blood stream to the drugs site of action
26. Metabolism: involves the biochemical alteration of a drug into any of the follow-
ing: an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent metabolite, a
less active metabolite
27. Organ most responsible for metabolism of a drug: the liver
28. Excretion: the elimination of drugs from the body
29. Primary organ responsible for drug elimination: the kidney
30. Substrates: targeted drugs for specific enzymes - any drug that binds to an
enzyme
31. Lipophilic: fat loving
32. Hydrophilic: water loving
33. drug-drug interaction: when the presence of one drug increases or decreases
the action of another drug administered concurrently
34. "free drug": active - unbound portion of a drug bound to albumin
35. "bound drug": part of the drug bound to the albumin - inactive
36. Albumin: most common blood protein and carries the majority of protein-bound
drug molecules
37. Bioavailability: describes the extent of drug absorption
38. Transdermal route: drug delivery through adhesive drug patches
39. Subcutaneous route: injections into the fatty subcutaneous tissues under the
dermal layer of the skin
40. Intramuscular (IM): injections given into the muscle beneath the subcutaneous
fatty tissue
41. Intravenous (IV): delivers the drug directly into circulation where it is distributed
by the bloodstream throughout the body
42. Sublingual & Buccal route: Under tongue, in cheek
, NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY EXAM WITH VERIFIED ANSWRS GRADED A+
43. Therapeutic effect: A positive/intended change in a faulty physiological system
44. Pharmacodynamics: the relationship between the drug concentrations and the
pharmacological response (actions of the drug)
45. Mechanism of Action: Once the drug is at the site of action, it can modify
(increase or decrease) the rate at which that cell or tissue functions, or it can modify
the strength of function of that cell or tissue
46. Receptor: a reactive site on the surface or inside of a cell. most commonly a
protein structure within the cell membrane.
47. Pharmacological Response: What happens when a drug binds to and interacts
with a receptor
48. Affinity: the degree to which a drug attaches and binds with a receptor
49. Enzymes: substances that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell
50. Selective Interaction: a drug may inhibit or enhance the action of a SPECIFIC
enzyme
51. Drug-enzyme interaction: when the drug chemically binds to an enzyme mol-
ecule in such a way that it alters the enzyme's interaction with its normal target
molecules in the body
52. Nonselective Interactions: instead of reacting with receptors or enzymes, their
main targets are cell membranes and various cellular processes such as metabolic
activities.
53. Half-life: The time required for one half of a given drug to be removed from the
body during elimination phase
54. Steady state: amount of drug removed via elimination = amount absorbed with
each dose
55. Peak level: The maximum concentration of a drug in the body/blood after
administration
56. Trough level: The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body/blood after
it falls from its peak level
57. Toxicity: occurs if the peak blood level of the drug is too high
58. Therapeutic drug monitoring: used to monitor peak/trough levels, adequate
therapeutic effects, and minimize drug toxicity
59. Onset: time required for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response
60. Peak effect: the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic
response in the body
61. Duration of action: The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood
or tissues is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response.
62. Acute therapy: used for acute illness
63. Maintenance therapy: chronic disease maintenance therapy - does not cure,
only prevent future damages
