2024 BIOL 546 FINAL EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
What best describes homeostasis - CORRECT-ANSWERSorganisms maintain a
narrow range of internal conditions
1. Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because .
A) there are many square feet of alveoli membrane
B) alveoli are one cell thick
C) the air-blood barrier is two cells thick
D) All of the choices are correct. - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) All of the choices
are correct. ***
2. Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure
pathway.
A) low; high
B) low; low
C) high; low
D) high; high - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) low; low ***
3. The ventilation/perfusion ratio .
A) is lowest at the apex of the lungs
B) increases when blood flow is decreased
C) increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles - CORRECT-
ANSWERSB) increases when blood flow is decreased ***
4. Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are
located in the .
A) medulla oblongata
B) aortic and carotid bodies
C) pons
D) lungs - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) aortic and carotid bodies ***
5. Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
A) Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
B) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
C) Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
D) Increased pH, decreased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG - CORRECT-
ANSWERSB) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG ***
6. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood as
,A) carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin
B) bicarbonate (HCO3-)
C) molecular carbon dioxide
D) carbonate (CO32-)
E) none of the above - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) molecular carbon dioxide ***
7. The Bohr effect describes the ________.
A) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
B) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide
C) mechanism of ventilation
D) effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood - CORRECT-
ANSWERSA) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ***
8. Action potentials in neurons in the inspiratory center of the medulla
oblongata result in action potentials in the ________ nerves to the diaphragm,
which in turn cause ________ of the muscle, resulting in a/an ________ in the
volume of the thoracic cage.
A) motor; contraction; decrease EVERYONE RECEIVED CREDIT
B) parasympathetic; contraction; decrease
C) sympathetic; contraction; increase
D) motor; contraction; increase
E) sympathetic; relaxation; increase - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) motor;
contraction; increase ***
9. Carbon dioxide ________ oxygen unloading. Oxygen unloading ________
carbon dioxide transport.
A) decreases; improves
B) increases; worsens
C) increases; improves
D) decreases; worsens - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) increases; improves ***
10. Fill in (choose the answer that best fits the blanks): Although most of the
_X_ in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas, _Y_ are secreted by
the liver.
a. X: stomach acid; Y: bile pigments
b. X: digestive enzymes; Y: bile salts
c. X: lipid digesting enzymes; Y: carbohydrate digesting enzymes
d. X: digestive enzymes; Y: water and bicarbonate
e. X: protein digesting enzymes; Y: lipid digesting enzymes - CORRECT-
ANSWERSb. X: digestive enzymes; Y: bile salts ***
11. The stomach can mechanically breakdown food into smaller particles by
A) propulsion of stomach content through pyloric sphincter
B) using pepsin
C) propulsion of stomach content through gastro-esophageal sphincter
,D) retropulsion of stomach content through small orifice of terminal antral
contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) retropulsion of stomach content through
small orifice of terminal antral contraction ***
12. Which pancreatic enzyme needs an activator?
A) lipase
B) amylase
C) activase
D) ribonuclease
E) trypsin - CORRECT-ANSWERSE) trypsin ***
13. Which hormone of the intestinal phase inhibits gastric secretion?
A) gastrin
B) histamine
C) insulin
D) secretin
E) somatostatin - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) secretin***
14. Choose the structure or substance that is NOT a barrier to acid and
pepsin damage in the stomach.
A) Adherent layer of mucus
B) Bicarbonate
C) Gap junctions between epithelial cells
D) Rapid turnover of epithelial cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Gap junctions
between epithelial cells ***
15. Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by ________.
A) simple diffusion
B) cotransport with H+
C) facilitated diffusion
D) cotransport with Na+ - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) cotransport with Na+ ***
16. You're going hiking and want to pack emergency food in case you get
lost or the hike takes longer than you anticipate. Your goal is to pack a food
that will have the biggest increase on your blood glucose level to be able to
supply your hiking muscles with glucose for cellular respiration. Which of the
following foods will lead to the biggest and most immediate increase in blood
glucose?
A) A snack rich in lipids, such as slices of cheese
B) A snack rich in protein, such as a dried meat stick
C) A snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato
D) All of these will have equal impacts on blood glucose level
E) A snack rich in cellulose, such as a bag of celery - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) A
snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato ***
, 17. Which of the following molecules crosses the luminal membrane of
intestinal cells by facilitated diffusion?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Fatty acids
D) None of the above - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) Fructose ***
18. Choose the molecule that is correctly tied to its digestion or function.
A) Triglycerides: Ultimately enters the venous system
B) Monoglycerides and fatty acids: Digestion would be impacted by brush
border destruction
C) Micelles: Reformed within the epithelial cells of small intestine
D) Protease: Essential for hydrolysis of triglycerides
E) Bile salts: Enter lacteal. - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) Monoglycerides and fatty
acids: Digestion would be impacted by brush border destruction ***
19. What is the total number of sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract
combined with those of the urinary system?
A) 7
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9 - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) 9 ***
20. Which is caused by increased levels of the hormone cholecystokinin?
A) Contraction of the sphincter of Oddi
B) Inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion
C) Contraction of the gallbladder
D) Secretion of gastric H+ - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Contraction of the
gallbladder ***
21. Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed
products of fat digestion is TRUE?
A) Chylomicrons are reassembled in fat cells for lipid storage.
B) Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are assembled into triglycerides
before they are absorbed from the lumen of the gut into epithelial cells lining
the tract.
C) Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the
veins leading to the heart.
D) Chylomicrons are transported into most cells and separated into fatty
acids and monoglycerides.
E) None of the above. - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Products of fat digestion first
go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the heart. ***
22. Which is TRUE regarding the three phases of the control of HCl secretion?
A) In the intestinal phase, the presence of fats in duodenum decreases HCl
secretion.
CORRECT ANSWERS
What best describes homeostasis - CORRECT-ANSWERSorganisms maintain a
narrow range of internal conditions
1. Diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane is rapid because .
A) there are many square feet of alveoli membrane
B) alveoli are one cell thick
C) the air-blood barrier is two cells thick
D) All of the choices are correct. - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) All of the choices
are correct. ***
2. Pulmonary circulation is a ________ resistance and ________ pressure
pathway.
A) low; high
B) low; low
C) high; low
D) high; high - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) low; low ***
3. The ventilation/perfusion ratio .
A) is lowest at the apex of the lungs
B) increases when blood flow is decreased
C) increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles - CORRECT-
ANSWERSB) increases when blood flow is decreased ***
4. Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are
located in the .
A) medulla oblongata
B) aortic and carotid bodies
C) pons
D) lungs - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) aortic and carotid bodies ***
5. Which of the following will decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
A) Decreased pH, decreased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
B) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG
C) Increased pH, increased temperature, or decreased 2,3-DPG
D) Increased pH, decreased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG - CORRECT-
ANSWERSB) Decreased pH, increased temperature, or increased 2,3-DPG ***
6. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood as
,A) carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin
B) bicarbonate (HCO3-)
C) molecular carbon dioxide
D) carbonate (CO32-)
E) none of the above - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) molecular carbon dioxide ***
7. The Bohr effect describes the ________.
A) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
B) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide
C) mechanism of ventilation
D) effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood - CORRECT-
ANSWERSA) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen ***
8. Action potentials in neurons in the inspiratory center of the medulla
oblongata result in action potentials in the ________ nerves to the diaphragm,
which in turn cause ________ of the muscle, resulting in a/an ________ in the
volume of the thoracic cage.
A) motor; contraction; decrease EVERYONE RECEIVED CREDIT
B) parasympathetic; contraction; decrease
C) sympathetic; contraction; increase
D) motor; contraction; increase
E) sympathetic; relaxation; increase - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) motor;
contraction; increase ***
9. Carbon dioxide ________ oxygen unloading. Oxygen unloading ________
carbon dioxide transport.
A) decreases; improves
B) increases; worsens
C) increases; improves
D) decreases; worsens - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) increases; improves ***
10. Fill in (choose the answer that best fits the blanks): Although most of the
_X_ in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas, _Y_ are secreted by
the liver.
a. X: stomach acid; Y: bile pigments
b. X: digestive enzymes; Y: bile salts
c. X: lipid digesting enzymes; Y: carbohydrate digesting enzymes
d. X: digestive enzymes; Y: water and bicarbonate
e. X: protein digesting enzymes; Y: lipid digesting enzymes - CORRECT-
ANSWERSb. X: digestive enzymes; Y: bile salts ***
11. The stomach can mechanically breakdown food into smaller particles by
A) propulsion of stomach content through pyloric sphincter
B) using pepsin
C) propulsion of stomach content through gastro-esophageal sphincter
,D) retropulsion of stomach content through small orifice of terminal antral
contraction - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) retropulsion of stomach content through
small orifice of terminal antral contraction ***
12. Which pancreatic enzyme needs an activator?
A) lipase
B) amylase
C) activase
D) ribonuclease
E) trypsin - CORRECT-ANSWERSE) trypsin ***
13. Which hormone of the intestinal phase inhibits gastric secretion?
A) gastrin
B) histamine
C) insulin
D) secretin
E) somatostatin - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) secretin***
14. Choose the structure or substance that is NOT a barrier to acid and
pepsin damage in the stomach.
A) Adherent layer of mucus
B) Bicarbonate
C) Gap junctions between epithelial cells
D) Rapid turnover of epithelial cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Gap junctions
between epithelial cells ***
15. Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by ________.
A) simple diffusion
B) cotransport with H+
C) facilitated diffusion
D) cotransport with Na+ - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) cotransport with Na+ ***
16. You're going hiking and want to pack emergency food in case you get
lost or the hike takes longer than you anticipate. Your goal is to pack a food
that will have the biggest increase on your blood glucose level to be able to
supply your hiking muscles with glucose for cellular respiration. Which of the
following foods will lead to the biggest and most immediate increase in blood
glucose?
A) A snack rich in lipids, such as slices of cheese
B) A snack rich in protein, such as a dried meat stick
C) A snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato
D) All of these will have equal impacts on blood glucose level
E) A snack rich in cellulose, such as a bag of celery - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) A
snack rich in digestible polysaccharides such as a cooked potato ***
, 17. Which of the following molecules crosses the luminal membrane of
intestinal cells by facilitated diffusion?
A) Glucose
B) Fructose
C) Fatty acids
D) None of the above - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) Fructose ***
18. Choose the molecule that is correctly tied to its digestion or function.
A) Triglycerides: Ultimately enters the venous system
B) Monoglycerides and fatty acids: Digestion would be impacted by brush
border destruction
C) Micelles: Reformed within the epithelial cells of small intestine
D) Protease: Essential for hydrolysis of triglycerides
E) Bile salts: Enter lacteal. - CORRECT-ANSWERSB) Monoglycerides and fatty
acids: Digestion would be impacted by brush border destruction ***
19. What is the total number of sphincters in the gastrointestinal tract
combined with those of the urinary system?
A) 7
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9 - CORRECT-ANSWERSD) 9 ***
20. Which is caused by increased levels of the hormone cholecystokinin?
A) Contraction of the sphincter of Oddi
B) Inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion
C) Contraction of the gallbladder
D) Secretion of gastric H+ - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Contraction of the
gallbladder ***
21. Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed
products of fat digestion is TRUE?
A) Chylomicrons are reassembled in fat cells for lipid storage.
B) Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are assembled into triglycerides
before they are absorbed from the lumen of the gut into epithelial cells lining
the tract.
C) Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the
veins leading to the heart.
D) Chylomicrons are transported into most cells and separated into fatty
acids and monoglycerides.
E) None of the above. - CORRECT-ANSWERSC) Products of fat digestion first
go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the heart. ***
22. Which is TRUE regarding the three phases of the control of HCl secretion?
A) In the intestinal phase, the presence of fats in duodenum decreases HCl
secretion.
