NURS 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE RASMUSSEN
UNIVERSITY
What are the complications of uncontrolled hypertension?
Correct Answer -heart disease, kidney disease, PVD, stroke, heart failure,
blindness, hemorrhage
RAAS system steps
Correct Answer -Renin from kidney is released and it triggers Angiotensin
1 that constricts the blood vessels. It is then converted to angiotensin 2
with ACE enzyme. Angiotensin 2 vasoconstricts and increases the BP by
increasing peripheral resistance
Which organ secretes renin
Correct Answer -kidney
What happens with aldosterone and ADH during RAAS system
Correct Answer -aldosterone is retained so salt is retained and water will
follow as well so ADH will be retained
Purpose of RAAS system
Correct Answer -increased the blood pressure and blood volume by
hormones and constriction of the vessels
What is coronary artery disease?
Correct Answer -Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood
and oxygen to the heart. from plaque build up
,What causes coronary artery disease?
Correct Answer -Caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that impedes
blood flow. Can also be damage from bacteria or viruses or an
inflammatory response.
S/S of coronary artery disease
Correct Answer -chest pain, SOB, dysrhythmias, heart attack, heart failure
or death
What does coronary artery disease put someone at risk for?
Correct Answer -hypertension, stroke, and increased BP due to narrowing
and blockage
What is atherosclerosis?
Correct Answer -plaque buildup from fatty material and causes the blood
vessels to narrow. Usually from cholesterol, lipids, macrophage deposits
that will also cause inflammation
Initiating factor of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer -damage to the endothelium inner layer
What is stable angina?
Correct Answer -chest pain that occurs with activity or emotional stress.
The pain is predictable and is elicited by the same stimuli.
What is unstable angina?
Correct Answer -chest pain that is unpredictable, increases over time,
duration and severity
,Is stable angina relieved with rest and nitroglycerin?
Correct Answer -yes
Is unstable angina relieved with rest and nitroglycerin?
Correct Answer -no
How do we diagnose acute heart conditions?
Correct Answer -12 lead EKG
after load
Correct Answer -the pressure or force needed to eject blood from the heart
pre load
Correct Answer -the amount of blood returning to each ventricle or that
enters and fills at rest
cardiac output
Correct Answer -the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1
minute
what happens during heart failure?
Correct Answer -the heart cannot pump effectively, blood cannot move
and can back up. CO is decreased as fluid cannot move
Left sided heart failure
Correct Answer -affects the lungs and can often lead to right sided heart
failure. low CO from the left ventricle causing back up into the lungs
, S/S of left sided heart failure
Correct Answer -respiratory related! Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary
edema, dyspnea, tripoding, gasping, cough with frothy sputum, crackles,
hypoxemia, and cyanosis
right sided heart failure
Correct Answer -when the right ventricles do not pump the blood, leading
to blood backing up into the body
S/S of right sided heart failure
Correct Answer -peripheral edema, ascites, JVD, confusion, hepatomegaly
nd splenomegaly
What is shock?
Correct Answer -imbalance between blood flow and cardiac output.
Causes low perfusion
S/S of all Shock
Correct Answer -HYPOTENSION, rapid breathing, cold and clammy skin,
rapid but weak pulse, dizziness, fainting or weakness, AMS
What is cardiogenic shock?
Correct Answer -from severe ventricular dysfunction associated with MI.
Decreased cardiac output, elevated left ventricular preload, pulmonary
edema.
What is obstructive shock?
Correct Answer -from an obstruction that prevents the cardiac filling and
stroke volume. From PE, cardiac tamponade or the blood spilling out into
the pericardium causing compression, tension pneumothorax or increase
of air in the lung cavity that puts pressure on heart
EXAM STUDY GUIDE RASMUSSEN
UNIVERSITY
What are the complications of uncontrolled hypertension?
Correct Answer -heart disease, kidney disease, PVD, stroke, heart failure,
blindness, hemorrhage
RAAS system steps
Correct Answer -Renin from kidney is released and it triggers Angiotensin
1 that constricts the blood vessels. It is then converted to angiotensin 2
with ACE enzyme. Angiotensin 2 vasoconstricts and increases the BP by
increasing peripheral resistance
Which organ secretes renin
Correct Answer -kidney
What happens with aldosterone and ADH during RAAS system
Correct Answer -aldosterone is retained so salt is retained and water will
follow as well so ADH will be retained
Purpose of RAAS system
Correct Answer -increased the blood pressure and blood volume by
hormones and constriction of the vessels
What is coronary artery disease?
Correct Answer -Narrowing of the small blood vessels that supply blood
and oxygen to the heart. from plaque build up
,What causes coronary artery disease?
Correct Answer -Caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that impedes
blood flow. Can also be damage from bacteria or viruses or an
inflammatory response.
S/S of coronary artery disease
Correct Answer -chest pain, SOB, dysrhythmias, heart attack, heart failure
or death
What does coronary artery disease put someone at risk for?
Correct Answer -hypertension, stroke, and increased BP due to narrowing
and blockage
What is atherosclerosis?
Correct Answer -plaque buildup from fatty material and causes the blood
vessels to narrow. Usually from cholesterol, lipids, macrophage deposits
that will also cause inflammation
Initiating factor of atherosclerosis
Correct Answer -damage to the endothelium inner layer
What is stable angina?
Correct Answer -chest pain that occurs with activity or emotional stress.
The pain is predictable and is elicited by the same stimuli.
What is unstable angina?
Correct Answer -chest pain that is unpredictable, increases over time,
duration and severity
,Is stable angina relieved with rest and nitroglycerin?
Correct Answer -yes
Is unstable angina relieved with rest and nitroglycerin?
Correct Answer -no
How do we diagnose acute heart conditions?
Correct Answer -12 lead EKG
after load
Correct Answer -the pressure or force needed to eject blood from the heart
pre load
Correct Answer -the amount of blood returning to each ventricle or that
enters and fills at rest
cardiac output
Correct Answer -the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1
minute
what happens during heart failure?
Correct Answer -the heart cannot pump effectively, blood cannot move
and can back up. CO is decreased as fluid cannot move
Left sided heart failure
Correct Answer -affects the lungs and can often lead to right sided heart
failure. low CO from the left ventricle causing back up into the lungs
, S/S of left sided heart failure
Correct Answer -respiratory related! Pulmonary congestion, pulmonary
edema, dyspnea, tripoding, gasping, cough with frothy sputum, crackles,
hypoxemia, and cyanosis
right sided heart failure
Correct Answer -when the right ventricles do not pump the blood, leading
to blood backing up into the body
S/S of right sided heart failure
Correct Answer -peripheral edema, ascites, JVD, confusion, hepatomegaly
nd splenomegaly
What is shock?
Correct Answer -imbalance between blood flow and cardiac output.
Causes low perfusion
S/S of all Shock
Correct Answer -HYPOTENSION, rapid breathing, cold and clammy skin,
rapid but weak pulse, dizziness, fainting or weakness, AMS
What is cardiogenic shock?
Correct Answer -from severe ventricular dysfunction associated with MI.
Decreased cardiac output, elevated left ventricular preload, pulmonary
edema.
What is obstructive shock?
Correct Answer -from an obstruction that prevents the cardiac filling and
stroke volume. From PE, cardiac tamponade or the blood spilling out into
the pericardium causing compression, tension pneumothorax or increase
of air in the lung cavity that puts pressure on heart
