CPHON EXAM PREP 2024/2025 with 100% correct answers
G1 - ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase
before DNA synthesis begins. Cell grows larger and produces ribosome and proteins.
S - ✔✔All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
G2 - ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. DNA is condensed into rod form .
(M) Mitosis - ✔✔Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells, each with its own
nucleus and identical chromosomes.
G0 - ✔✔Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in not in active cell cycle.
Preforming it's programmed function. Will either die or repair DNA.
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) - ✔✔Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase of the
cell cycle.
Check points - ✔✔Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to monitor
the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects are found, progression through the cell cycle
is halted. Errors that cannot be repaired result in cell death (apoptosis). In cancer cells these
check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled proliferation.
Apoptosis - ✔✔Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal cell has a limited
number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, resulting in
immortalization. Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is the goal of cancer treatments.
Proto-oncogenes - ✔✔normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular
processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
,Oncogenes - ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction.
Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal for production in the cell cycle and cause the
cell to grow out of control. MYCN associated with neuroblastoma
Tumor Supressor Gene - ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If these genes are damaged or
absent, cells lack the appropriate growth inhibiting factors and grow out of control. P53 gene
p53 - ✔✔tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
Hallmark of cancer - ✔✔Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing malignant
cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are similar but not identical. This means that
with variability in cells one chemotherapy agent may not be effective against all tumor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell - ✔✔cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
(neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).
Lymphoid lineage - ✔✔B cells, T cells, NK cells. B cells from the bone marrow, T cells from
the thymus
myeloid lineage - ✔✔A subset of bone-marrow derived cells comprising granulocytes,
monocytes, and macrophages.
Immune Response - ✔✔The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or
other foreign substances. May play a role in the prevention of many cancers.
3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
, Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of the integrity
of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens. Neutrophils
are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and bacterial ingestion.
Possess when we are born.
Adaptive immune system - ✔✔Specific and a delayed/slower lymphocyte response to specific
antigens. T cells and B cells. Page 15
MYCN amplification - ✔✔key risk stratifier for treatment/therapy in neuroblastoma; technique
by which MYCN protein drives cells into the cell cycle; leading to extra MYCN protein;
detected by FISH
I-MIBG - ✔✔Absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves and us sued in then diagnosis,
staging, and follow up of neuroblastoma. It is taken up by an active tumor, minimizing the false-
positive results that may show in a bone scan. After the tracer is administered, patients are seen
24, 48, and 72 hours for imaging. To protect the thyroid from radiation exposure, all receive
potassium iodine drops 1 day prior and 5-10 days after.
Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy - ✔✔Obtained when Hugh suspicion of leukemia or lymphoma
exists or when a solid tumor may have spread to the bone marrow
lumbar puncture (LP) - ✔✔inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to
collect spinal fluid, commonly called a "spinal tap" for suspected leukemia, NHL, and certain
brain tumors to evaluate for malignant cells in the CSF. L3-L4 or L4-L5
PET-MRI - ✔✔PET scanners have been combined with CT or MRI to produce a fused image
that superimposes the metabolic activity information of the PET over the physical detail of the
CT or MRI.
SUVs (PET scan) - ✔✔The amount of metabolic activity is reported in Standard uptake values;
if higher than 3.4 are consistent with malignancy
G1 - ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase
before DNA synthesis begins. Cell grows larger and produces ribosome and proteins.
S - ✔✔All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
G2 - ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. DNA is condensed into rod form .
(M) Mitosis - ✔✔Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells, each with its own
nucleus and identical chromosomes.
G0 - ✔✔Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in not in active cell cycle.
Preforming it's programmed function. Will either die or repair DNA.
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) - ✔✔Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase of the
cell cycle.
Check points - ✔✔Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to monitor
the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects are found, progression through the cell cycle
is halted. Errors that cannot be repaired result in cell death (apoptosis). In cancer cells these
check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled proliferation.
Apoptosis - ✔✔Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal cell has a limited
number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, resulting in
immortalization. Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is the goal of cancer treatments.
Proto-oncogenes - ✔✔normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular
processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes
,Oncogenes - ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell reproduction.
Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal for production in the cell cycle and cause the
cell to grow out of control. MYCN associated with neuroblastoma
Tumor Supressor Gene - ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby
preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If these genes are damaged or
absent, cells lack the appropriate growth inhibiting factors and grow out of control. P53 gene
p53 - ✔✔tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
Hallmark of cancer - ✔✔Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing malignant
cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are similar but not identical. This means that
with variability in cells one chemotherapy agent may not be effective against all tumor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell - ✔✔cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells
(neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).
Lymphoid lineage - ✔✔B cells, T cells, NK cells. B cells from the bone marrow, T cells from
the thymus
myeloid lineage - ✔✔A subset of bone-marrow derived cells comprising granulocytes,
monocytes, and macrophages.
Immune Response - ✔✔The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral agents, or
other foreign substances. May play a role in the prevention of many cancers.
3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
, Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of the integrity
of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens. Neutrophils
are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and bacterial ingestion.
Possess when we are born.
Adaptive immune system - ✔✔Specific and a delayed/slower lymphocyte response to specific
antigens. T cells and B cells. Page 15
MYCN amplification - ✔✔key risk stratifier for treatment/therapy in neuroblastoma; technique
by which MYCN protein drives cells into the cell cycle; leading to extra MYCN protein;
detected by FISH
I-MIBG - ✔✔Absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves and us sued in then diagnosis,
staging, and follow up of neuroblastoma. It is taken up by an active tumor, minimizing the false-
positive results that may show in a bone scan. After the tracer is administered, patients are seen
24, 48, and 72 hours for imaging. To protect the thyroid from radiation exposure, all receive
potassium iodine drops 1 day prior and 5-10 days after.
Bone marrow aspirate or biopsy - ✔✔Obtained when Hugh suspicion of leukemia or lymphoma
exists or when a solid tumor may have spread to the bone marrow
lumbar puncture (LP) - ✔✔inserting a needle into the lumbar region of the spine in order to
collect spinal fluid, commonly called a "spinal tap" for suspected leukemia, NHL, and certain
brain tumors to evaluate for malignant cells in the CSF. L3-L4 or L4-L5
PET-MRI - ✔✔PET scanners have been combined with CT or MRI to produce a fused image
that superimposes the metabolic activity information of the PET over the physical detail of the
CT or MRI.
SUVs (PET scan) - ✔✔The amount of metabolic activity is reported in Standard uptake values;
if higher than 3.4 are consistent with malignancy
