Pathophysiology And Pharmacology -
Exam 1
d pharmacology - the study of medicines, including the study of how drugs are administered and how
the body responds.
pharmacotherapy - the application of drugs to treat disease and ease human suffering
How can therapeutic agents be classified? - drugs, biologics, or complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM) therapies
How can drugs be organized? - by their therapeutic or pharmacologic classification
How many names do drugs have and what are they? - 3; chemical name, generic name, trade/brand
name
chemical name of a drug - strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
generic name of a drug - nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government; i.e. ibuprofen
trade name of a drug - proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand
name or product name; proprietary means ownership; i.e. advil
What are nurses expected to understand about all medication given to patients? - pharmacotherapeutic
principles
What are the nurse's responsibilities as far as giving medications? - what drug is ordered
name and drug classification
intended purpose or use
effects on the body
contraindication
special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, pathophysiological states affect response)
side effects
why the medication was prescribed
how the medication is supplied in the pharmacy
how the medication administered, including dosage range
what nursing process consideration relates to the medication apply to the paltient
,all variables of the patient's condition
prepared to recognize and react to adverse effects
combination drug - drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
therapeutic classification of a drug - method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness
in treating particular diseases or disorders
pharmacologic classification of a drug - method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of
action
Who was John Jacob Abel? - father of American pharmacology, founded first pharmacology department
in United States at University of Michigan in 1890
How many drugs are currently available? - 10,000
factors of the patient that affect their individual response to a drug - age, sex, body mass, health status,
genetics
what is medication? - an administered drug
what are biologics and what are some examples? - agents naturally produced in animal cells, by
microorganisms, or by the body itself; hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood
products/components, interferons, vaccines
what are some examples of complementary and alternative therapies? - natural plant extracts, herbs,
vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, physical therapy, manipulations, massage, acupuncture,
hypnosis, biofeedback
bioavailability - physiologic ability of the drug to reach target cell and produce effect.
FDA - Food and Drug Administration, established in 1988, agency of U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
What are the three checks of drug administration? - - checking drug with MAR or medication information
system when removing it from storage
- checking drug when preparing it, poring it, taking it out the unit-dose container, or connecting the IV
tubing to bag
- checking drug before administering it to the patient
Who has responsibility when mistakes occur with medication? - nurse, prescriber, and the pharmacists
compliance - taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider
Factors that can cause a patient to deviate from compliance - cost of drug, forgetting doses, annoying
side effects, self-adjustment of doses, fear of dependency
Four most common Medication Errors - errors in patient assessment (inadequate medication history,
incomplete PA), errors in prescribing, administration errors (route or time of administration, omissions),
distracting environmental factors (interruptions during drug preparations)
, Abbreviation: ac - before meals
abbreviation: bid - twice a day
abbreviation: cap - capsule
abbreviation: gtt - drop
abbreviation: IM - intramuscular
abbreviation: no - number
abbreviation: pc - after meals; after eating
abbreviation: PO - by mouth
abbreviation: PM - afternoon
abbreviation: pm - when needed/necessary
abbreviation: qid - four times per day
Q2h - every 2 hours (even or when first given)
abbreviation: Rx - take
abbreviation: tid - three times a day
STAT - medication is to be given immediately and only once
ASAP - drug should be available for administration within 30 minutes of the written order
PRN - drug is administered as required by the patient's condition
What is a routine order? - orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
standing order - written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances
How often should a drug order be reviewed by the attending physician? - within a specific time frame, at
least every seven days or per policy of the clinical agency
Prescriptions for narcotics (opioids) and other scheduled drugs are automatically discontinued after how
many hours? - 72 hours, must be reordered by the health care provider
When is the best time to give CNS drug and anti-hypertensives? - at bedtime
Common Protocols and Techniques for All Routes of Administration - - verify medication order, check
allergy history
- wash hands and apply gloves, if indicated
- use aseptic technique when preparing and administering parenteral medications
- indentify patient (two forms)
- ask patient about known allergies
Exam 1
d pharmacology - the study of medicines, including the study of how drugs are administered and how
the body responds.
pharmacotherapy - the application of drugs to treat disease and ease human suffering
How can therapeutic agents be classified? - drugs, biologics, or complementary and alternative medicine
(CAM) therapies
How can drugs be organized? - by their therapeutic or pharmacologic classification
How many names do drugs have and what are they? - 3; chemical name, generic name, trade/brand
name
chemical name of a drug - strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
generic name of a drug - nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government; i.e. ibuprofen
trade name of a drug - proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand
name or product name; proprietary means ownership; i.e. advil
What are nurses expected to understand about all medication given to patients? - pharmacotherapeutic
principles
What are the nurse's responsibilities as far as giving medications? - what drug is ordered
name and drug classification
intended purpose or use
effects on the body
contraindication
special considerations (how age, weight, body fat distribution, pathophysiological states affect response)
side effects
why the medication was prescribed
how the medication is supplied in the pharmacy
how the medication administered, including dosage range
what nursing process consideration relates to the medication apply to the paltient
,all variables of the patient's condition
prepared to recognize and react to adverse effects
combination drug - drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
therapeutic classification of a drug - method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness
in treating particular diseases or disorders
pharmacologic classification of a drug - method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of
action
Who was John Jacob Abel? - father of American pharmacology, founded first pharmacology department
in United States at University of Michigan in 1890
How many drugs are currently available? - 10,000
factors of the patient that affect their individual response to a drug - age, sex, body mass, health status,
genetics
what is medication? - an administered drug
what are biologics and what are some examples? - agents naturally produced in animal cells, by
microorganisms, or by the body itself; hormones, monoclonal antibodies, natural blood
products/components, interferons, vaccines
what are some examples of complementary and alternative therapies? - natural plant extracts, herbs,
vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, physical therapy, manipulations, massage, acupuncture,
hypnosis, biofeedback
bioavailability - physiologic ability of the drug to reach target cell and produce effect.
FDA - Food and Drug Administration, established in 1988, agency of U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
What are the three checks of drug administration? - - checking drug with MAR or medication information
system when removing it from storage
- checking drug when preparing it, poring it, taking it out the unit-dose container, or connecting the IV
tubing to bag
- checking drug before administering it to the patient
Who has responsibility when mistakes occur with medication? - nurse, prescriber, and the pharmacists
compliance - taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the health care provider
Factors that can cause a patient to deviate from compliance - cost of drug, forgetting doses, annoying
side effects, self-adjustment of doses, fear of dependency
Four most common Medication Errors - errors in patient assessment (inadequate medication history,
incomplete PA), errors in prescribing, administration errors (route or time of administration, omissions),
distracting environmental factors (interruptions during drug preparations)
, Abbreviation: ac - before meals
abbreviation: bid - twice a day
abbreviation: cap - capsule
abbreviation: gtt - drop
abbreviation: IM - intramuscular
abbreviation: no - number
abbreviation: pc - after meals; after eating
abbreviation: PO - by mouth
abbreviation: PM - afternoon
abbreviation: pm - when needed/necessary
abbreviation: qid - four times per day
Q2h - every 2 hours (even or when first given)
abbreviation: Rx - take
abbreviation: tid - three times a day
STAT - medication is to be given immediately and only once
ASAP - drug should be available for administration within 30 minutes of the written order
PRN - drug is administered as required by the patient's condition
What is a routine order? - orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
standing order - written in advance of a situation that is to be carried out under specific circumstances
How often should a drug order be reviewed by the attending physician? - within a specific time frame, at
least every seven days or per policy of the clinical agency
Prescriptions for narcotics (opioids) and other scheduled drugs are automatically discontinued after how
many hours? - 72 hours, must be reordered by the health care provider
When is the best time to give CNS drug and anti-hypertensives? - at bedtime
Common Protocols and Techniques for All Routes of Administration - - verify medication order, check
allergy history
- wash hands and apply gloves, if indicated
- use aseptic technique when preparing and administering parenteral medications
- indentify patient (two forms)
- ask patient about known allergies
