D027 Pathopharm Exam with Questions and
Answers| Latest Update | Verified Answers
Acetylcholine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers
muscle contraction
ACE inhibitor drugs - ✔✔vasodilation & decreases blood pressure.
CaptoPRIL (Capoten), EnalaPRIL (Vasotec), EnalaPRILat (Vasotec), FosinoPRIL(Monopril),
LisinoPRIL (Prinivil)
Thalassemia - ✔✔inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
(decreased HGB content of RBCs)
Sicle cell disease - ✔✔Caused: substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein
in red blood cells Weakness, pain, organ damage, paralysis
Autosomal recessive (parents each carry 1 copy of the mutated gene, typically do not show S/S
of the condition.)
Beta Thalassemia - ✔✔Anemia: Low levels of hgb lead to a lack of oxygen in many parts of
the body.
Abnl peripheral blood smear, reduced RBCs
sickle cell management - ✔✔-monitor organ function
-avoid hypoxia/ emia
-hydrate
-supportive care
reduced risk of getting malaria
,diabetes mellitus - ✔✔a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
PioglitaZONE, RosiglitaZONE - ✔✔Drug class: Thiazolidinedione TZD
increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue
used as monotherapy in type 2 DM or in combo w/ other diabetes drugs
Toxicity: weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity, heart failure, ↑risk of fractures
Metformin and the TZDs - ✔✔contraindicated in patients with advanced heart failure.
Cause /exacerbate heart failure & pulmonary edema AVOID in patients with left ventricular
dysfunction (impaired pumping ability of the heart) or chronic renal insufficiency.
Empagliflozin and liraglutide - ✔✔reduce the risk of CV death in adults with diabetes and
CVD
SGLT-2 inhibitors - ✔✔inhibits sodium and glucose co-transport in the proximal tubule,
leading to increased glucose in the urine (increased glucose excretion)
canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.
SGLT-2 inhibitors side effects - ✔✔-Hypoglycemia
-Hyperkalemia
-Genital mycotic infection
Empagliflozin (Jardiance) - ✔✔Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor (SGLT2)
color blindness - ✔✔A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors.
Normal Thyroid Levels - ✔✔TSH = 0.2 - 5.4
, T3 = 80 - 230
T4 = 5 - 12
Hypothyroid Lab findings - ✔✔Increased TSH
Decreased T3,T4, T3 uptake
myasthenia gravis (MG) - ✔✔Autoimmune disease Affects the neuromuscular junction
Produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Crohn's disease - ✔✔a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the
digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
Crohn's - ✔✔skip lesions
(ASCA) is used to help distinguish between Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the
two most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Ashkenazi Jewish people, who have origins in Eastern Europe, are two to four times more likely
to develop an IBD than people who aren't Jewish.
G6PD deficiency - ✔✔Low NADPH leads to hemolytic anemia (free radicals) with bite cells
and heinz bodies
Fava beans, sulfonamides, primiquine, dapsone
X-linked recessive
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) - ✔✔a condition that affects blood flow.
POTS causes the development of symptoms -- usually lightheadedness, fainting and an
uncomfortable, rapid increase in heartbeat -- that come on when standing up from a reclining
position and relieved by sitting or lying back down.
Varicella exposure - ✔✔Pts > 1 y/o should be given the varicella vaccine for post-exposure
prophylaxis.
Answers| Latest Update | Verified Answers
Acetylcholine - ✔✔A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers
muscle contraction
ACE inhibitor drugs - ✔✔vasodilation & decreases blood pressure.
CaptoPRIL (Capoten), EnalaPRIL (Vasotec), EnalaPRILat (Vasotec), FosinoPRIL(Monopril),
LisinoPRIL (Prinivil)
Thalassemia - ✔✔inherited defect in ability to produce hemoglobin, leading to hypochromia
(decreased HGB content of RBCs)
Sicle cell disease - ✔✔Caused: substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein
in red blood cells Weakness, pain, organ damage, paralysis
Autosomal recessive (parents each carry 1 copy of the mutated gene, typically do not show S/S
of the condition.)
Beta Thalassemia - ✔✔Anemia: Low levels of hgb lead to a lack of oxygen in many parts of
the body.
Abnl peripheral blood smear, reduced RBCs
sickle cell management - ✔✔-monitor organ function
-avoid hypoxia/ emia
-hydrate
-supportive care
reduced risk of getting malaria
,diabetes mellitus - ✔✔a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
PioglitaZONE, RosiglitaZONE - ✔✔Drug class: Thiazolidinedione TZD
increase insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue
used as monotherapy in type 2 DM or in combo w/ other diabetes drugs
Toxicity: weight gain, edema, hepatotoxicity, heart failure, ↑risk of fractures
Metformin and the TZDs - ✔✔contraindicated in patients with advanced heart failure.
Cause /exacerbate heart failure & pulmonary edema AVOID in patients with left ventricular
dysfunction (impaired pumping ability of the heart) or chronic renal insufficiency.
Empagliflozin and liraglutide - ✔✔reduce the risk of CV death in adults with diabetes and
CVD
SGLT-2 inhibitors - ✔✔inhibits sodium and glucose co-transport in the proximal tubule,
leading to increased glucose in the urine (increased glucose excretion)
canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin.
SGLT-2 inhibitors side effects - ✔✔-Hypoglycemia
-Hyperkalemia
-Genital mycotic infection
Empagliflozin (Jardiance) - ✔✔Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor (SGLT2)
color blindness - ✔✔A sex-linked trait in which an individual cannot perceive certain colors.
Normal Thyroid Levels - ✔✔TSH = 0.2 - 5.4
, T3 = 80 - 230
T4 = 5 - 12
Hypothyroid Lab findings - ✔✔Increased TSH
Decreased T3,T4, T3 uptake
myasthenia gravis (MG) - ✔✔Autoimmune disease Affects the neuromuscular junction
Produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles
Crohn's disease - ✔✔a chronic autoimmune disorder that can occur anywhere in the
digestive tract; however, it is most often found in the ileum and in the colon
Crohn's - ✔✔skip lesions
(ASCA) is used to help distinguish between Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the
two most common types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Ashkenazi Jewish people, who have origins in Eastern Europe, are two to four times more likely
to develop an IBD than people who aren't Jewish.
G6PD deficiency - ✔✔Low NADPH leads to hemolytic anemia (free radicals) with bite cells
and heinz bodies
Fava beans, sulfonamides, primiquine, dapsone
X-linked recessive
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) - ✔✔a condition that affects blood flow.
POTS causes the development of symptoms -- usually lightheadedness, fainting and an
uncomfortable, rapid increase in heartbeat -- that come on when standing up from a reclining
position and relieved by sitting or lying back down.
Varicella exposure - ✔✔Pts > 1 y/o should be given the varicella vaccine for post-exposure
prophylaxis.
