©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Saylor Academy Psych101 Exam Study
Guide.
Eugenics Founder - answer✔Galton
Walter Cannon - answer✔fight or flight
Solomon Asch - answer✔Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to
match lines. They said lines matched just to conform
Genomic imprinting - answer✔Phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-
origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced,
and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted, then
only the allele from the father is expressed.
counterconditioning - answer✔A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to
stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure
therapies and aversive conditioning.
Antabuse (disulfiram) - answer✔a drug that interferes with the metabolization of alcohol,
making the drinker violently ill. Helps alcoholics
Applied Behavior Analysis - answer✔ABA - the use of operant conditioning principles to
change human behavior. reward positive behavior, negative response to negative behavior
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Systematic desensitization (+ founder) - answer✔Wolpe - keep exposing to stimulus
Functionalism (+ founder) - answer✔William James. Darwinian explains mental states and
behaviors by the ways they help an organism fit an environment. *Free will*
Structuralism - answer✔Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward
Bradford Titchener. how do parts of brain contribute to consciousness? systematic study of the
anatomy of the brain
Developmental noise - answer✔A concept within developmental biology in which phenotype
varies between individuals even though both the genotypes and the environmental factors are the
same for all of them; human fingerprints provide a well-known example; the fingerprints differ
even between genetically identical human twins.
Gene-environment interaction - answer✔Genes are not "set in stone; the expression of genes in
an organism can be influenced by the environment, including the external world in which the
organism is located or develops, as well as the organism's internal world, which includes such
factors as its hormones and metabolism.
Pure experiment - answer✔only experimental design that can establish cause and effect
relationship. Three criteria must be met in a true experiment: 1) Control group and experimental
group, 2) Researcher-manipulated variable, 3) Random assignment
Negative correlation - answer✔When two variables have an inverse relationship; as one variable
increases, the other decreases.
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Psychoanalysis - answer✔includes dream interpretation and free association.
Cognitivism - answer✔Study focusing on mental processes, including how people perceive,
think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to one stimulus rather than
another. Psychologists working from a cognitivist perspective, then, seek to understand
cognition.
Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that psychology should be defined as
the scientific study of behavior? - answer✔Watson
Schizophrenia deficits and treatment - answer✔Affects 1% of the population. psych meds.
Decrease in episodic memory, working memory, behavior regulation, processing speed, social
cognition
Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction is with the concept of... -
answer✔Nature vs nurture
heritability coefficient - answer✔a measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent
to which a trait or characteristic is inherited. Oversimplifies role of genes.
polygenetic disorders - answer✔Involves multiple genes, risk goes up with loads of genetic
factors. Hard to predict
Q: Which part of the brain operates as a relay station by receiving input and relaying information
to the cerebral cortex? - answer✔The thalamus
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Q: A neuron becomes active and the action potential begins when the charge reaches a certain
level. What is this level called? - answer✔threshold of excitation
Callostomy - answer✔a surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is severed. Split brain
patient. Can cause eyes and hands to operate independently
Transduction - answer✔The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural
activity
Q: What type of cells in the retina transmits information out of the eye? - answer✔Ganglion cells
Gestalt Principle of Closure (reitification) - answer✔Preferring complete shapes, we
automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole
first.
Gestalt law of proximity - answer✔elements that are near each other are likely to be perceived as
part of the same configuration ( likely to see the following as lines of close-together asterisks
than 14 vertical collections of three asterisks each.)
Gestalt principle of continuation - answer✔occurs when the eye is compelled to move through
one object and continue to another object. We like to see lines rather than dashes
Gestalt principle of figure/ground - answer✔distinguish between the objects it considers to be in
the foreground of an image (the figure, or focal point) and the background (the area on which the
figures rest).
Gestalt principle of closure - answer✔We see something with missing parts as a whole
Saylor Academy Psych101 Exam Study
Guide.
Eugenics Founder - answer✔Galton
Walter Cannon - answer✔fight or flight
Solomon Asch - answer✔Conducted famous conformity experiment that required subjects to
match lines. They said lines matched just to conform
Genomic imprinting - answer✔Phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-
origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced,
and only the allele from the mother is expressed. If the allele from the mother is imprinted, then
only the allele from the father is expressed.
counterconditioning - answer✔A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to
stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure
therapies and aversive conditioning.
Antabuse (disulfiram) - answer✔a drug that interferes with the metabolization of alcohol,
making the drinker violently ill. Helps alcoholics
Applied Behavior Analysis - answer✔ABA - the use of operant conditioning principles to
change human behavior. reward positive behavior, negative response to negative behavior
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Systematic desensitization (+ founder) - answer✔Wolpe - keep exposing to stimulus
Functionalism (+ founder) - answer✔William James. Darwinian explains mental states and
behaviors by the ways they help an organism fit an environment. *Free will*
Structuralism - answer✔Theory of consciousness developed by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward
Bradford Titchener. how do parts of brain contribute to consciousness? systematic study of the
anatomy of the brain
Developmental noise - answer✔A concept within developmental biology in which phenotype
varies between individuals even though both the genotypes and the environmental factors are the
same for all of them; human fingerprints provide a well-known example; the fingerprints differ
even between genetically identical human twins.
Gene-environment interaction - answer✔Genes are not "set in stone; the expression of genes in
an organism can be influenced by the environment, including the external world in which the
organism is located or develops, as well as the organism's internal world, which includes such
factors as its hormones and metabolism.
Pure experiment - answer✔only experimental design that can establish cause and effect
relationship. Three criteria must be met in a true experiment: 1) Control group and experimental
group, 2) Researcher-manipulated variable, 3) Random assignment
Negative correlation - answer✔When two variables have an inverse relationship; as one variable
increases, the other decreases.
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Psychoanalysis - answer✔includes dream interpretation and free association.
Cognitivism - answer✔Study focusing on mental processes, including how people perceive,
think, remember, learn, solve problems, and direct their attention to one stimulus rather than
another. Psychologists working from a cognitivist perspective, then, seek to understand
cognition.
Q: What famous psychologist decided nearly 100 years ago that psychology should be defined as
the scientific study of behavior? - answer✔Watson
Schizophrenia deficits and treatment - answer✔Affects 1% of the population. psych meds.
Decrease in episodic memory, working memory, behavior regulation, processing speed, social
cognition
Q: The best way to explain the complex gene-environment interaction is with the concept of... -
answer✔Nature vs nurture
heritability coefficient - answer✔a measure (derived from a correlation coefficient) of the extent
to which a trait or characteristic is inherited. Oversimplifies role of genes.
polygenetic disorders - answer✔Involves multiple genes, risk goes up with loads of genetic
factors. Hard to predict
Q: Which part of the brain operates as a relay station by receiving input and relaying information
to the cerebral cortex? - answer✔The thalamus
, ©BRAINBARTER 2024/2025
Q: A neuron becomes active and the action potential begins when the charge reaches a certain
level. What is this level called? - answer✔threshold of excitation
Callostomy - answer✔a surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is severed. Split brain
patient. Can cause eyes and hands to operate independently
Transduction - answer✔The process of converting outside stimuli, such as light, into neural
activity
Q: What type of cells in the retina transmits information out of the eye? - answer✔Ganglion cells
Gestalt Principle of Closure (reitification) - answer✔Preferring complete shapes, we
automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image; so, we see the whole
first.
Gestalt law of proximity - answer✔elements that are near each other are likely to be perceived as
part of the same configuration ( likely to see the following as lines of close-together asterisks
than 14 vertical collections of three asterisks each.)
Gestalt principle of continuation - answer✔occurs when the eye is compelled to move through
one object and continue to another object. We like to see lines rather than dashes
Gestalt principle of figure/ground - answer✔distinguish between the objects it considers to be in
the foreground of an image (the figure, or focal point) and the background (the area on which the
figures rest).
Gestalt principle of closure - answer✔We see something with missing parts as a whole
