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BIS 2B Final Exam (ALL MATERIAL) exam study guide correct and verified 100%

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BIS 2B Final Exam (ALL MATERIAL) exam study guide correct and verified 100%BIS 2B Final Exam (ALL MATERIAL) exam study guide correct and verified 100% ecology - correct answers-study of organisms + physical environment, organisms + organisms evolution - correct answers-change over time in the properties of populations assumption of total number of species - correct answers-- 1.8 million described/identified - 5 to 100 million estimated - through extrapolating of known info (flora and fauna in Great Britain): 4.9 million insects, maybe 10 million species total Terry Irwin - correct answers-sampled species of beetles in a certain tropical forest tree; came to the conclusion of 30 million tropical arthropod species; calculation was completely wrong but is testable and can be refined species-area relationship - correct answers-S = cA^z S: number of species c: constant depending on taxonomic group A: area z: constant determining shape and slope of the curve threats to biodiversity - correct answers-- habitat alteration and destruction - harvesting, fishing - climate change - introduced species biodiversity hotspot - correct answers-many endemic species (don't occur anywhere else) morphological species - correct answers-grouped based on similar physical appearance PROS: - practical - simple - reflects evolution (shared genes) CONS: - genetic variation within populations - changes due to the environment (plasticity) - some species can have similar physical traits but have very separate evolutionary histories biological species - correct answers-groups of individuals actually or potentially capable of reproducing fertile offspring PROS: - clear bio / evolutionary meaning CONS: - difficult to apply in practice phylogenetic species - correct answers-similarities in phylogeny, but DNA can be considered morphology climate - correct answers-avg. and annual variation in temp. and precipitation in a given region over a long period of time - affects type of vegetation which affects which types of animals that live there (formation of different biomes) factors determining climate / Hadley cell patterns - correct answers-1. solar radiation 2. air circulation - driven by solar radiation and earth's rotation - sunlight strikes equator intensely and as you move away you get less heat - air rises in heated areas, cools as it rises, cool air holds less moisture -- precipitation - as warm air rises, it displaces air to the north and south, which gets very dry due to the high altitude and the heavy precipitation in warm areas, so deserts form at 30deg N and S surface wind patterns / Coriolis force - correct answers-result of moving air or water masses due to earth's spin - winds deflected to the L in S hemisphere, to the R in N hemisphere - our weather patterns in N hemisphere generally come from westerlies, which affect rainshadow due to the mountain ranges on the west coast ITCZ - correct answers-intertropical convergence zone where the N and S Hadley cells meet; zone of max heating - moves to different latitudes, meaning diff areas of the earth receive the max radiation from the sun at diff times of the year - during the equinoxes (spring, fall) the ITCZ is closest to the equator - during the summer solstice, the sun is hitting most directly in the N hemisphere so the ITCZ is farther north - during the winter solstice, the sun is hitting most directly in the S hemisphere so the ITCZ is farther south - ITCZ aligns with areas of mass rainfall surrounded by deserts (when referring to maps showing precipitation levels) rainshadow - correct answers-the windward side has warm, moist air which cools and condenses as it rises and the leeward side has the dry sinking air Wallace's line - correct answers-biotic interchange; divides the biodiversity and types of species present in Asia and Australia functional diversity - correct answers-adaptations of organisms to their environment trade off - correct answers-relationship between the benefits of a trait in one context and its costs in another principle of allocation - correct answers-all life functions cannot be simultaneously maximized; allocation decisions--how organisms use their available resources what resources do organisms need? - correct answers-- carbon, oxygen, nitrogen for biomass - nitrogen, phosphorous, other macro and micronutrients for metabolic machinery - energy for running bodily functions - water to carry out biological reactions autotrophs - correct answers-can live exclusively on inorganic sources of C, N, and other essential nutrients - photoautotrophs use light energy heterotrophs - correct answers-use preformed organic molecules as food (source of C, N, energy, and other essential resources)--don't necessarily have to eat other organisms photosynthesis - correct answers-carbon dioxide + water = sugar + oxygen respiration - correct answers-sugar + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water measuring gross photosynthesis - correct answers-oxygen production or CO2 uptake - light vs dark plant - net photosynthesis must account for respiration chlorophyll a - correct answers-primary light harvesting pigment of green plants how do plants obtain nutrients? - correct answers-terrestrial plants rely on the soil or can get help from bacteria and fungi - pump CO2 into the soil - CO2 interacts with the water already present - H+ ions kicked off of the clay and brought into the root hairs through the water - ion exchange detrivore - correct answers-consume dead plant or animal matter (adaptations to subsist on low quality food) suspension feeder - correct answers-remove suspended particles from the water deposit feeder - correct answers-consume dead organic matter symbiont - correct answers-live in, with, or on another organism and obtain nutrition from that organism (their host) specialized vs. generalized feeding - correct answers-- trade offs for both - specialized organisms have access to resources that few do, but also have limited options - generalized organisms have balanced diets and reduced search cost, but high competition goals besides finding max energy intake per unit time - correct answers-- avoid predators - find mates

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BIS 2B Final Exam (ALL MATERIAL) exa
ifd ifd ifd ifd ifd ifd

m study guide correct and verified 100%
ifd ifd ifd ifd ifd ifd

ecologyifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-studyifdofifdorganismsifd+ifdphysicalifdenvironment,ifdorganismsifd+ifdorganisms

evolutionifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-changeifdoverifdtimeifdinifdtheifdpropertiesifdofifdpopulations

assumptionifdofifdtotalifdnumberifdofifdspeciesifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers--ifd1.8ifdmillionifddescribed/identified

-ifd5ifdtoifd100ifdmillionifdestimated

-
throughifdextrapolatingifdofifdknownifdinfoifd(floraifdandifdfaunaifdinifdGreatifdBritain):ifd4.9ifdmillionifdinsects,ifdmayb
ifd

eifd10ifdmillionifdspeciesifdtotal

TerryifdIrwinifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
sampledifdspeciesifdofifdbeetlesifdinifdaifdcertainifdtropicalifdforestifdtree;ifdcameifdtoifdtheifdconclusionifdofifd30ifdmillion
ifdtropicalifdarthropodifdspecies;ifdcalculationifdwasifdcompletelyifdwrongifdbutifdisifdtestableifdandifdcanifdbeifdrefined

species-areaifdrelationshipifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-Sifd=ifdcA^z

S:ifdnumberifdofifdspecies

c:ifdconstantifddependingifdonifdtaxonomicifdgroup

A:ifdarea

z:ifdconstantifddeterminingifdshapeifdandifdslopeifdofifdtheifdcurve

threatsifdtoifdbiodiversityifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers--ifdhabitatifdalterationifdandifddestruction

-ifdharvesting,ifdfishing

-ifdclimateifdchange

-ifdintroducedifdspecies

biodiversityifdhotspotifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-manyifdendemicifdspeciesifd(don'tifdoccurifdanywhereifdelse)

morphologicalifdspeciesifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-groupedifdbasedifdonifdsimilarifdphysicalifdappearance

PROS:

-ifdpractical

-ifdsimple

-ifdreflectsifdevolutionifd(sharedifdgenes)

CONS:

,-ifdgeneticifdvariationifdwithinifdpopulations

-ifdchangesifddueifdtoifdtheifdenvironmentifd(plasticity)

-ifdsomeifdspeciesifdcanifdhaveifdsimilarifdphysicalifdtraitsifdbutifdhaveifdveryifdseparateifdevolutionaryifdhistories

biologicalifdspeciesifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
groupsifdofifdindividualsifdactuallyifdorifdpotentiallyifdcapableifdofifdreproducingifdfertileifdoffspring

PROS:

-ifdclearifdbioifd/ifdevolutionaryifdmeaning

CONS:

-ifddifficultifdtoifdapplyifdinifdpractice

phylogeneticifdspeciesifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
similaritiesifdinifdphylogeny,ifdbutifdDNAifdcanifdbeifdconsideredifdmorphology

climateifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
avg.ifdandifdannualifdvariationifdinifdtemp.ifdandifdprecipitationifdinifdaifdgivenifdregionifdoverifdaifdlongifdperiodifdofifdtim
e

-
affectsifdtypeifdofifdvegetationifdwhichifdaffectsifdwhichifdtypesifdofifdanimalsifdthatifdliveifdthereifd(formationifdofifddif
ifd

ferentifdbiomes)

factorsifddeterminingifdclimateifd/ifdHadleyifdcellifdpatternsifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-1.ifdsolarifdradiation

2.ifdairifdcirculation

-ifddrivenifdbyifdsolarifdradiationifdandifdearth'sifdrotation

-ifdsunlightifdstrikesifdequatorifdintenselyifdandifdasifdyouifdmoveifdawayifdyouifdgetifdlessifdheat

-ifdairifdrisesifdinifdheatedifdareas,ifdcoolsifdasifditifdrises,ifdcoolifdairifdholdsifdlessifdmoistureifd-->ifdprecipitation

-
asifdwarmifdairifdrises,ifditifddisplacesifdairifdtoifdtheifdnorthifdandifdsouth,ifdwhichifdgetsifdveryifddryifddueifdtoifdtheifdhighi
ifd

fdaltitudeifdandifdtheifdheavyifdprecipitationifdinifdwarmifdareas,ifdsoifddesertsifdformifdatifd30degifdNifdandifdS

surfaceifdwindifdpatternsifd/ifdCoriolisifdforceifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
resultifdofifdmovingifdairifdorifdwaterifdmassesifddueifdtoifdearth'sifdspin

-ifdwindsifddeflectedifdtoifdtheifdLifdinifdSifdhemisphere,ifdtoifdtheifdRifdinifdNifdhemisphere

-
ourifdweatherifdpatternsifdinifdNifdhemisphereifdgenerallyifdcomeifdfromifdwesterlies,ifdwhichifdaffectifdrainshadowif
ifd

ddueifdtoifdtheifdmountainifdrangesifdonifdtheifdwestifdcoast

ITCZifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
intertropicalifdconvergenceifdzoneifdwhereifdtheifdNifdandifdSifdHadleyifdcellsifdmeet;ifdzoneifdofifdmaxifdheating

, -
movesifdtoifddifferentifdlatitudes,ifdmeaningifddiffifdareasifdofifdtheifdearthifdreceiveifdtheifdmaxifdradiationifdfromifdth
ifd

eifdsunifdatifddiffifdtimesifdofifdtheifdyear

-ifdduringifdtheifdequinoxesifd(spring,ifdfall)ifdtheifdITCZifdisifdclosestifdtoifdtheifdequator

-
duringifdtheifdsummerifdsolstice,ifdtheifdsunifdisifdhittingifdmostifddirectlyifdinifdtheifdNifdhemisphereifdsoifdtheifdITCZifdisi
ifd

fdfartherifdnorth

-
duringifdtheifdwinterifdsolstice,ifdtheifdsunifdisifdhittingifdmostifddirectlyifdinifdtheifdSifdhemisphereifdsoifdtheifdITCZifdisifdf
ifd

artherifdsouth

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ITCZifdalignsifdwithifdareasifdofifdmassifdrainfallifdsurroundedifdbyifddesertsifd(whenifdreferringifdtoifdmapsifdshowingifd
ifd

precipitationifdlevels)

rainshadowifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
theifdwindwardifdsideifdhasifdwarm,ifdmoistifdairifdwhichifdcoolsifdandifdcondensesifdasifditifdrisesifdandifdtheifdleewardifds
ideifdhasifdtheifddryifdsinkingifdair

Wallace'sifdlineifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
bioticifdinterchange;ifddividesifdtheifdbiodiversityifdandifdtypesifdofifdspeciesifdpresentifdinifdAsiaifdandifdAustralia

functionalifddiversityifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-adaptationsifdofifdorganismsifdtoifdtheirifdenvironment

tradeifdoffifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
relationshipifdbetweenifdtheifdbenefitsifdofifdaifdtraitifdinifdoneifdcontextifdandifditsifdcostsifdinifdanother

principleifdofifdallocationifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
allifdlifeifdfunctionsifdcannotifdbeifdsimultaneouslyifdmaximized;ifdallocationifddecisions--
howifdorganismsifduseifdtheirifdavailableifdresources

whatifdresourcesifddoifdorganismsifdneed?ifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers--ifdcarbon,ifdoxygen,ifdnitrogenifdforifdbiomass

-ifdnitrogen,ifdphosphorous,ifdotherifdmacroifdandifdmicronutrientsifdforifdmetabolicifdmachinery

-ifdenergyifdforifdrunningifdbodilyifdfunctions

- waterifdtoifdcarryifdoutifdbiologicalifdreactions
ifd ifd

autotrophsifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
canifdliveifdexclusivelyifdonifdinorganicifdsourcesifdofifdC,ifdN,ifdandifdotherifdessentialifdnutrients

-ifdphotoautotrophsifduseifdlightifdenergy

heterotrophsifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-
useifdpreformedifdorganicifdmoleculesifdasifdfoodifd(sourceifdofifdC,ifdN,ifdenergy,ifdandifdotherifdessentialifdresources)-
-don'tifdnecessarilyifdhaveifdtoifdeatifdotherifdorganisms

photosynthesisifd-ifdcorrectifdanswers-carbonifddioxideifd+ifdwaterifd=ifdsugarifd+ifdoxygen

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