NURS421 Exam 2 Review Questions and
Complete Solutions
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? ✅heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function
Function of the inflammation response: ✅Restitution of normal, functioning cells after
injury.
Fibrous repair when restitution of functioning cells is impossible.
Chemotaxis ✅Process involving chemicals from pathogens, inflammation, complement
activation, and plasma clotting that attract white blood cells to the area.
Pro-inflammatory hormone examples= ✅Prostaglandins, cytokines, histamines.
Pro-inflammatory hormone MOA= ✅Increase blood flow, vascular membrane
permeability, activate complement, attract leukocytes, promote angiogenesis, stimulate
connective tissue growth, and cause fever
Chronic inflammation systemic response= ✅-Neutrophilia
-Fever
-Malaise
-Loss of appetite
-Muscle catabolism
-Liver activates compliment system
In chronic inflammation how does tissue repair and healing occur? ✅Macrophages
typically will remove necrotic tissue and pathogen from the tissue - repair and healing
can occur
In chronic inflammation, how can tissue healing get interrupted? ✅by renewed injury or
reinjury causing a reactivation of the cycle without completing it.
What are consequences of an excessive or ineffective inflammatory response? ✅-
Local tissue damage from compression
-Development of chronic inflammation
-systemic: atherosclerosis, chronic renal disease, neurological disorders.
What are the risk factors for inflammation? ✅Very young
very old
uninsured
Individual: autoimmune, allergies, pathogen exposure, chronic disease, lack of proper
sanitation.
,-can occur in all individuals of any age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status.
Appendicitis (epityphilitis) ✅The inflammation of the appendix which is a small finger-
like appendage attached to the cecum.
Why is the appendix prone to becoming obstructed? ✅Because the appendix empties
into the colon inefficiently and its lumen is small.
What is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen in the US? ✅Appendicitis
what age does appendicitis occur? ✅usually age 10-30
Obstruction of appendix= ✅The appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a
result of becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith, tumor, or foreign body.
Inflammation in appendix= ✅the inflammatory process increases intraluminal pressure.
imitating a progressively severe, generalized, or peri- umbilical pain.
Where does the pain of appendicitis occur? ✅localized to the right lower quadrant of
the abdomen
What does the inflamed appendix fill with? ✅Pus
McBurney's point ✅On the abdominal wall that lies between the navel and the right
anterior superior iliac spine. it is the point where the most pain is elicited by pressure in
acute appendicitis.
Rovsing's sign ✅Pain in RLQ with palpation of LLQ indicative of appendicitis.
Diagnostic tests for appendicitis= ✅CBC
XRAY,US,CT
Pregnancy test (maybe for women of childbearing age to rule out ectopic pregnancy
and before x-rays are obtained)
C-reactive protein.
C-reactive protein ✅Protein produced by the liver when bacterial infections occur and
rapidly increases within the first 12 hours.
What would a CBC count show for someone with appendicitis? ✅A complete blood cell
count shows an elevated WBC count, with an elevation of the neutrophils.
Nursing diagnosis for appendicitis= ✅acute pain
FVD
, Risk for infection
Goals for a patient with appendicitis= ✅Relieve pain
Prevent FVD
Reduce anxiety
Eliminate infection
Maintain skin integrity
Optimal nutrition
Nursing interventions for appendicitis? ✅IV infusion
Antibiotic therapy
Positioning (high fowlers)
Oral fluids
AVOID heavy lifting
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) ✅inflammation of the colon and small intestine.
is a term for two conditions (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) that are
characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.1 Prolonged
inflammation results in damage to the GI tract.
What abnormal response does IBD create in the body's immune system? ✅Mistakes
food, bacteria, and other materials for foreign substances.
IBD causes Increased WBC= ✅chronic inflammation
Chrohn's disease affects which part of the GI? ✅It can affect any part of the GI tract.
most often it affects the portion of the small intestine before the large intestine/colon.
inflammation may reach through the multiple layers of the walls of the GI tract.
Ulcerative colitis affects what part of the GI? ✅The large intestine (colon) and the
rectum.
inflammation only present only in the innermost layer of the lining of the colon.
Ulcerative colitis (UC): ✅A chronic condition of unknown cause usually starting in the
rectum and distal portions of the colon and possibly spreading upward to involve the
sigmoid and descending colon or the entire colon. It is usually intermittent (acute
exacerbation with long remissions), but some individuals (30%-40%) have continuous
symptoms.
Assessment s/s of UC= ✅-Patient stool typically contains blood and mucus.
-Tenesmus - urge to defecate.
-Malaise
-Anorexia
-Anemia
Complete Solutions
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation? ✅heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of
function
Function of the inflammation response: ✅Restitution of normal, functioning cells after
injury.
Fibrous repair when restitution of functioning cells is impossible.
Chemotaxis ✅Process involving chemicals from pathogens, inflammation, complement
activation, and plasma clotting that attract white blood cells to the area.
Pro-inflammatory hormone examples= ✅Prostaglandins, cytokines, histamines.
Pro-inflammatory hormone MOA= ✅Increase blood flow, vascular membrane
permeability, activate complement, attract leukocytes, promote angiogenesis, stimulate
connective tissue growth, and cause fever
Chronic inflammation systemic response= ✅-Neutrophilia
-Fever
-Malaise
-Loss of appetite
-Muscle catabolism
-Liver activates compliment system
In chronic inflammation how does tissue repair and healing occur? ✅Macrophages
typically will remove necrotic tissue and pathogen from the tissue - repair and healing
can occur
In chronic inflammation, how can tissue healing get interrupted? ✅by renewed injury or
reinjury causing a reactivation of the cycle without completing it.
What are consequences of an excessive or ineffective inflammatory response? ✅-
Local tissue damage from compression
-Development of chronic inflammation
-systemic: atherosclerosis, chronic renal disease, neurological disorders.
What are the risk factors for inflammation? ✅Very young
very old
uninsured
Individual: autoimmune, allergies, pathogen exposure, chronic disease, lack of proper
sanitation.
,-can occur in all individuals of any age, gender, race, and socioeconomic status.
Appendicitis (epityphilitis) ✅The inflammation of the appendix which is a small finger-
like appendage attached to the cecum.
Why is the appendix prone to becoming obstructed? ✅Because the appendix empties
into the colon inefficiently and its lumen is small.
What is the most common cause of acute surgical abdomen in the US? ✅Appendicitis
what age does appendicitis occur? ✅usually age 10-30
Obstruction of appendix= ✅The appendix becomes inflamed and edematous as a
result of becoming kinked or occluded by a fecalith, tumor, or foreign body.
Inflammation in appendix= ✅the inflammatory process increases intraluminal pressure.
imitating a progressively severe, generalized, or peri- umbilical pain.
Where does the pain of appendicitis occur? ✅localized to the right lower quadrant of
the abdomen
What does the inflamed appendix fill with? ✅Pus
McBurney's point ✅On the abdominal wall that lies between the navel and the right
anterior superior iliac spine. it is the point where the most pain is elicited by pressure in
acute appendicitis.
Rovsing's sign ✅Pain in RLQ with palpation of LLQ indicative of appendicitis.
Diagnostic tests for appendicitis= ✅CBC
XRAY,US,CT
Pregnancy test (maybe for women of childbearing age to rule out ectopic pregnancy
and before x-rays are obtained)
C-reactive protein.
C-reactive protein ✅Protein produced by the liver when bacterial infections occur and
rapidly increases within the first 12 hours.
What would a CBC count show for someone with appendicitis? ✅A complete blood cell
count shows an elevated WBC count, with an elevation of the neutrophils.
Nursing diagnosis for appendicitis= ✅acute pain
FVD
, Risk for infection
Goals for a patient with appendicitis= ✅Relieve pain
Prevent FVD
Reduce anxiety
Eliminate infection
Maintain skin integrity
Optimal nutrition
Nursing interventions for appendicitis? ✅IV infusion
Antibiotic therapy
Positioning (high fowlers)
Oral fluids
AVOID heavy lifting
IBD (inflammatory bowel disease) ✅inflammation of the colon and small intestine.
is a term for two conditions (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) that are
characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.1 Prolonged
inflammation results in damage to the GI tract.
What abnormal response does IBD create in the body's immune system? ✅Mistakes
food, bacteria, and other materials for foreign substances.
IBD causes Increased WBC= ✅chronic inflammation
Chrohn's disease affects which part of the GI? ✅It can affect any part of the GI tract.
most often it affects the portion of the small intestine before the large intestine/colon.
inflammation may reach through the multiple layers of the walls of the GI tract.
Ulcerative colitis affects what part of the GI? ✅The large intestine (colon) and the
rectum.
inflammation only present only in the innermost layer of the lining of the colon.
Ulcerative colitis (UC): ✅A chronic condition of unknown cause usually starting in the
rectum and distal portions of the colon and possibly spreading upward to involve the
sigmoid and descending colon or the entire colon. It is usually intermittent (acute
exacerbation with long remissions), but some individuals (30%-40%) have continuous
symptoms.
Assessment s/s of UC= ✅-Patient stool typically contains blood and mucus.
-Tenesmus - urge to defecate.
-Malaise
-Anorexia
-Anemia
