NU 327 Pathophysiology Test 1
Questions with All Correct
Answers
Management/treatment goals of CHF in infants - Answer- Improve cardiac function
-Increase contractility and decrease afterload
(digoxin and ACE Inhibitors))
Remove accumulated fluid and sodium
-Decrease preload (diuretics)
Decrease cardiac demands
-Maintain or gain weight (prevent over exertions,
promote rest, feeds every 3 hours)
Improve tissue oxygenation and decrease o2 consumption (supplemental O2 if
necessary - cool humidified air)
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)-repair prevents what complication? - Answer- Aortic
pressure is higher than pulmonary and pushing blood into pulmonary artery.
*Repair: PREVENT PULMONARY VASCULAR CONGESTION*
S/S of coarctation of aorta - Answer- Narrowing of the aorta
High BP and bounding in pulse in arms
Low BP and weak pulses in the lower extremities.
- Severe acidosis and hypotension
Fetal circulation-how is the brain, lungs, liver affected; role of foramen ovale - Answer-
The fetal brain requires the highest oxygen concentration
The lungs are essentially non-functional; Liver is partially functional. The fetus needs
less blood to in these organ during fetal life.
Blood travels from umbilical cord to liver where it divides. To hepatic circulation and the
rest to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus .
, Due to the high pressure of oxygen going into RA, a straight pathway (the foramen
ovale) opens into the LA. Allows full circulation of the heart.
pg 1252
Dental prophylaxis and infective endocarditis - Answer- Antibiotic prophylaxis for all pts
with CHD.
Administer 1 hour before dental exam to prevent endocarditis
Cause of Kawasaki disease - Answer- Unknown etiology
S/S of hypokalemia - Answer- muscle weakness & cramps, stiffness, paralysis
hyporeflexia,
hypotension,
cardiac arrhythmia, tachycardia or bradycardia,
ileus (Inability of the intestine (bowel) to contract normally and move waste out of the
body),
apathy, drowsiness
Heart transplantation in children, what are the options - Answer- Orthotopic-implantation
of a donor heart
Heterotopic-recipients own heart left In place, new heart is implanted to act as additional
pump-"piggyback" **Rarely done in children**
Environmental factors that contribute to hypertension in children - Answer- pg. 1303
obesity; salt ingestion; smoking; lead exposure; medications (certain stimulus drugs)
and stress
-ventral septic defect (VSD) - Answer- HF is common
MOST COMMON-TYPICALLY MILD(SMALL), may have multiple holes -CDC estimate
of 42/10,000 births in US (holes in ventricular septum)
*Chest xray*- - Answer- -most frequently ordered radiologic test for children
Creates permanent record of heart's size and configuration including chambers and the
great vessels
Questions with All Correct
Answers
Management/treatment goals of CHF in infants - Answer- Improve cardiac function
-Increase contractility and decrease afterload
(digoxin and ACE Inhibitors))
Remove accumulated fluid and sodium
-Decrease preload (diuretics)
Decrease cardiac demands
-Maintain or gain weight (prevent over exertions,
promote rest, feeds every 3 hours)
Improve tissue oxygenation and decrease o2 consumption (supplemental O2 if
necessary - cool humidified air)
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)-repair prevents what complication? - Answer- Aortic
pressure is higher than pulmonary and pushing blood into pulmonary artery.
*Repair: PREVENT PULMONARY VASCULAR CONGESTION*
S/S of coarctation of aorta - Answer- Narrowing of the aorta
High BP and bounding in pulse in arms
Low BP and weak pulses in the lower extremities.
- Severe acidosis and hypotension
Fetal circulation-how is the brain, lungs, liver affected; role of foramen ovale - Answer-
The fetal brain requires the highest oxygen concentration
The lungs are essentially non-functional; Liver is partially functional. The fetus needs
less blood to in these organ during fetal life.
Blood travels from umbilical cord to liver where it divides. To hepatic circulation and the
rest to the inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus .
, Due to the high pressure of oxygen going into RA, a straight pathway (the foramen
ovale) opens into the LA. Allows full circulation of the heart.
pg 1252
Dental prophylaxis and infective endocarditis - Answer- Antibiotic prophylaxis for all pts
with CHD.
Administer 1 hour before dental exam to prevent endocarditis
Cause of Kawasaki disease - Answer- Unknown etiology
S/S of hypokalemia - Answer- muscle weakness & cramps, stiffness, paralysis
hyporeflexia,
hypotension,
cardiac arrhythmia, tachycardia or bradycardia,
ileus (Inability of the intestine (bowel) to contract normally and move waste out of the
body),
apathy, drowsiness
Heart transplantation in children, what are the options - Answer- Orthotopic-implantation
of a donor heart
Heterotopic-recipients own heart left In place, new heart is implanted to act as additional
pump-"piggyback" **Rarely done in children**
Environmental factors that contribute to hypertension in children - Answer- pg. 1303
obesity; salt ingestion; smoking; lead exposure; medications (certain stimulus drugs)
and stress
-ventral septic defect (VSD) - Answer- HF is common
MOST COMMON-TYPICALLY MILD(SMALL), may have multiple holes -CDC estimate
of 42/10,000 births in US (holes in ventricular septum)
*Chest xray*- - Answer- -most frequently ordered radiologic test for children
Creates permanent record of heart's size and configuration including chambers and the
great vessels
