DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
PEOPLE
Blok 2 Bachelor Psychology
7 OKTOBER 2019
ERASMUS SCHOOL OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Psychology
,Lauryn Igwe
Inhoudsopgave
Inner Drives .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Summary Book Chapters ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
The Structural Model..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Motivation; The Drives of Personality ................................................................................................................. 6
Anxiety and Mechanisms of Defence .................................................................................................................... 6
Psychosexual Development ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Exposing the Unconscious .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Critique on the psychoanalysis perspective .................................................................................................... 8
External forces .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Classical Conditioning ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Instrumental/Operant Conditioning .................................................................................................................. 11
Critique on behavioural learning theories ..................................................................................................... 12
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Conditioned emotional reactions – Watson & Rayner ............................................................................. 13
Self-actualizing or learning .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Self Theory of Personality ............................................................................................................................... 15
Social Cognitive Perspective ................................................................................................................................... 17
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Influence of models reinforcement Contingencies on the Acquisition of Imitative
Responses – Bandura .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Brainpower ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Defining Intelligence ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Theories and scales of intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 21
Intelligence tests ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
Types of intelligence .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Genetic, Environment and Race Issues in Intelligence ............................................................................ 25
Summarizing tables...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Summary: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 27
The correlational research strategy – Gravetter, Forzano .................................................................... 27
1
,Lauryn Igwe
IQ on the rise: the Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children – Daley et al. .......................................... 27
Personality Traits....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Traits and Types............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Trait Theories .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Taxonomy of Traits ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Interactionism ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Critique ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
(In)stability or Behaviour?..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Situationism and Interactionism .......................................................................................................................... 36
Aggregation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Personality development .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Stability over Time........................................................................................................................................................ 37
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Maturation of personality in adolescence – Klimstra et al. .................................................................. 39
Military training and personality trait development – Jackson et al............................................... 39
Nature or Nurture ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Genetics, Twins and Adoption ................................................................................................................................ 41
Genetics and Temperament .................................................................................................................................... 42
Environmental influences ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Personality in Social and Cultural Context ...................................................................................................................... 44
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Personality and Social Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 45
Sex, Gender and personality.................................................................................................................................... 46
Culture and personality ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman? Sex Differences in Big Five Personality Traits
Across 55 Cultures – Schmitt et al. ....................................................................................................................... 49
Weekly Lecture Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 50
Opening Lecture..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Psychoanalytical perspective – Lecture 2................................................................................................................... 51
2
,Lauryn Igwe
Intelligence – Lecture 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
Structures of intelligence .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Intelligence in everyday life .................................................................................................................................... 54
Nature or Nurture.......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Flynn Effect........................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Developmental Personality Psychology – Lecture 4 ......................................................................................... 56
Model of personality traits: Five Factor Framework ................................................................................ 56
Personality; child behaviour and parenting .................................................................................................. 56
Understand how personality traits change over time .............................................................................. 57
Conceptual relations between personality and temperament............................................................ 58
3
,Lauryn Igwe
Inner Drives
Sigmund Freud tried to explain human behaviour in terms of motives that people are not
aware of. The unconscious and what happens in it is responsible for a lot of good (and
less fancy) stuff. Below you find a number of
" vignettes " in which behaviours, events, or phenomena are displayed for which Freud
may have an explanation.
1a
Click here (Links to an external site.)
1b
2
Jake is a pain. He´s obtrusive and spoilt. Always screaming, wanting to have his way. When asked, its
mother declares never to have hit her child and never will. On the contrary: "He’s such an angel.", she
says. She takes it all in her stride for her child as a loving mum, until one day she suddenly lashes out
at him. In a strange way, her transgression feels like a relief.
3
Three friends talk to each other about the different ways in which they react to stress. One says she
starts biting her nails. The other says she starts cleaning the house. The third one says she gets the
urge to start flirting with older men. "Well," says the fourth one, training to become a psychologist,
"you’re all suffering from fixations."
4
Gary A. Condit, once a conservative Member of the American Congress, would always emphasize
“family values” in his addresses. He was in favour of legislation that would hinder couples from easily
obtaining a divorce and would always insist on being photographed with his wife and children. He
played an important part in the impeachment trial of President Clinton following the Lewinsky affair.
Later, the Washington Post would disclose that Condit had enjoyed extramarital affairs for over
twenty years.
Idaho Senator Larry Craig, strongly opposed to gays marrying in the US, was arrested in the
Minnesota airport toilet facilities on 11 June of last year for ‘improperly approaching’ a man
4
, Lauryn Igwe
Summary Book Chapters
Psychoanalysis originated from physician Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the centre of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories.
He used a topographical model of the mind where we have a:
- Conscious: the part of the mind we are currently aware of
- Preconscious: ordinary memory
- Unconscious: not directly accessible to awareness, desires and urges
Freud believes the unconscious is where the core processes of personality take place. With a one
way mental gate blocking the unconscious thoughts.
The Structural Model
The three aspects of personality (that interact to create complexity of behaviour) are the ID, Ego and
superego.
ID (Es)
This is the original component of personality. which are all the inherited,
instinctive, primitive aspects of personality. It functions in the
unconscious and follows the pleasure principle. Needs are satisfied via
the primary process (forming an image that would satisfy the need,
having such an image is called wish fulfilment.)
Ego (Ich)
The ego has ties to the ID since it follows the reality principle to delay
the discharge of the id’s tension until an appropriate context is found. It
functions is the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
The ego, using secondary process, keeps the tension of the ID in check
until there has been reality testing. The ego should not be confused with
positive force or morality, as it has no moral sense and is entirely pragmatic.
Ego strength refers to the ego’s ability to be affective in balancing the ID and Superego.
Superego (Über-Ich)
The superego is the embodiment of societal an parental values
(introjection). It operates at all three levels of consciousness.
There are two subsystems in the superego: the ego ideal
(things you strive for) and the conscience (things to avoid).
Therefore, the superego;
➢ Prevents id impulses frowned on by parents
➢ Forces ego to act morally
➢ Guides person towards perfection.
5
PEOPLE
Blok 2 Bachelor Psychology
7 OKTOBER 2019
ERASMUS SCHOOL OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Psychology
,Lauryn Igwe
Inhoudsopgave
Inner Drives .................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Summary Book Chapters ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
The Structural Model..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Motivation; The Drives of Personality ................................................................................................................. 6
Anxiety and Mechanisms of Defence .................................................................................................................... 6
Psychosexual Development ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Exposing the Unconscious .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Critique on the psychoanalysis perspective .................................................................................................... 8
External forces .............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 10
Classical Conditioning ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Instrumental/Operant Conditioning .................................................................................................................. 11
Critique on behavioural learning theories ..................................................................................................... 12
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Conditioned emotional reactions – Watson & Rayner ............................................................................. 13
Self-actualizing or learning .................................................................................................................................................... 14
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 15
The Self Theory of Personality ............................................................................................................................... 15
Social Cognitive Perspective ................................................................................................................................... 17
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Influence of models reinforcement Contingencies on the Acquisition of Imitative
Responses – Bandura .................................................................................................................................................. 19
Brainpower ................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Defining Intelligence ................................................................................................................................................... 21
Theories and scales of intelligence ..................................................................................................................... 21
Intelligence tests ............................................................................................................................................................ 24
Types of intelligence .................................................................................................................................................... 25
Genetic, Environment and Race Issues in Intelligence ............................................................................ 25
Summarizing tables...................................................................................................................................................... 25
Summary: ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 27
The correlational research strategy – Gravetter, Forzano .................................................................... 27
1
,Lauryn Igwe
IQ on the rise: the Flynn effect in rural Kenyan children – Daley et al. .......................................... 27
Personality Traits....................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Traits and Types............................................................................................................................................................. 29
Trait Theories .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Taxonomy of Traits ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Interactionism ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
Critique ................................................................................................................................................................................ 34
(In)stability or Behaviour?..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 36
Situationism and Interactionism .......................................................................................................................... 36
Aggregation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Personality development .......................................................................................................................................... 37
Stability over Time........................................................................................................................................................ 37
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Maturation of personality in adolescence – Klimstra et al. .................................................................. 39
Military training and personality trait development – Jackson et al............................................... 39
Nature or Nurture ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Genetics, Twins and Adoption ................................................................................................................................ 41
Genetics and Temperament .................................................................................................................................... 42
Environmental influences ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Personality in Social and Cultural Context ...................................................................................................................... 44
Summary Book Chapters ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Personality and Social Interaction ...................................................................................................................... 45
Sex, Gender and personality.................................................................................................................................... 46
Culture and personality ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Summary Articles .................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Why Can't a Man Be More Like a Woman? Sex Differences in Big Five Personality Traits
Across 55 Cultures – Schmitt et al. ....................................................................................................................... 49
Weekly Lecture Notes .............................................................................................................................................................. 50
Opening Lecture..................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Psychoanalytical perspective – Lecture 2................................................................................................................... 51
2
,Lauryn Igwe
Intelligence – Lecture 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 53
Structures of intelligence .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Intelligence in everyday life .................................................................................................................................... 54
Nature or Nurture.......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Flynn Effect........................................................................................................................................................................ 55
Developmental Personality Psychology – Lecture 4 ......................................................................................... 56
Model of personality traits: Five Factor Framework ................................................................................ 56
Personality; child behaviour and parenting .................................................................................................. 56
Understand how personality traits change over time .............................................................................. 57
Conceptual relations between personality and temperament............................................................ 58
3
,Lauryn Igwe
Inner Drives
Sigmund Freud tried to explain human behaviour in terms of motives that people are not
aware of. The unconscious and what happens in it is responsible for a lot of good (and
less fancy) stuff. Below you find a number of
" vignettes " in which behaviours, events, or phenomena are displayed for which Freud
may have an explanation.
1a
Click here (Links to an external site.)
1b
2
Jake is a pain. He´s obtrusive and spoilt. Always screaming, wanting to have his way. When asked, its
mother declares never to have hit her child and never will. On the contrary: "He’s such an angel.", she
says. She takes it all in her stride for her child as a loving mum, until one day she suddenly lashes out
at him. In a strange way, her transgression feels like a relief.
3
Three friends talk to each other about the different ways in which they react to stress. One says she
starts biting her nails. The other says she starts cleaning the house. The third one says she gets the
urge to start flirting with older men. "Well," says the fourth one, training to become a psychologist,
"you’re all suffering from fixations."
4
Gary A. Condit, once a conservative Member of the American Congress, would always emphasize
“family values” in his addresses. He was in favour of legislation that would hinder couples from easily
obtaining a divorce and would always insist on being photographed with his wife and children. He
played an important part in the impeachment trial of President Clinton following the Lewinsky affair.
Later, the Washington Post would disclose that Condit had enjoyed extramarital affairs for over
twenty years.
Idaho Senator Larry Craig, strongly opposed to gays marrying in the US, was arrested in the
Minnesota airport toilet facilities on 11 June of last year for ‘improperly approaching’ a man
4
, Lauryn Igwe
Summary Book Chapters
Psychoanalysis originated from physician Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the centre of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings,
desires, and memories.
He used a topographical model of the mind where we have a:
- Conscious: the part of the mind we are currently aware of
- Preconscious: ordinary memory
- Unconscious: not directly accessible to awareness, desires and urges
Freud believes the unconscious is where the core processes of personality take place. With a one
way mental gate blocking the unconscious thoughts.
The Structural Model
The three aspects of personality (that interact to create complexity of behaviour) are the ID, Ego and
superego.
ID (Es)
This is the original component of personality. which are all the inherited,
instinctive, primitive aspects of personality. It functions in the
unconscious and follows the pleasure principle. Needs are satisfied via
the primary process (forming an image that would satisfy the need,
having such an image is called wish fulfilment.)
Ego (Ich)
The ego has ties to the ID since it follows the reality principle to delay
the discharge of the id’s tension until an appropriate context is found. It
functions is the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious.
The ego, using secondary process, keeps the tension of the ID in check
until there has been reality testing. The ego should not be confused with
positive force or morality, as it has no moral sense and is entirely pragmatic.
Ego strength refers to the ego’s ability to be affective in balancing the ID and Superego.
Superego (Über-Ich)
The superego is the embodiment of societal an parental values
(introjection). It operates at all three levels of consciousness.
There are two subsystems in the superego: the ego ideal
(things you strive for) and the conscience (things to avoid).
Therefore, the superego;
➢ Prevents id impulses frowned on by parents
➢ Forces ego to act morally
➢ Guides person towards perfection.
5
