NU 327 Pathophysiology Exam 3
Questions with All Correct
Answers
Chronic bronchitis clinical manifestations - Answer- Chronic cough
Overweight
Excess body fluids (edema, hypervolemia)
Increased sputum production
Dyspnea on exertion
Muscle aches
Fatigue
End stage
Right heart failure
Edema
Airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible
Chronic bronchitis diagnosis - Answer- Chronic or recurrent productive cough of more
than 3 months and occurring each year for 2 or more successive years
Limit disease progression
Restore optimal resp function
Return to activities of daily living
chronic bronchitis/ emphysema treatments - Answer- Inhalers/Nebulizers
Bronchodilators
Cough suppressants
Antibiotics to treat infections
Low level O2 supplements
Smoking cessation
Corticosteriods
Diuretics
Emphysema - Answer- Defined by destructive changes of the alveolar wall without
fibrosis or dilation
Abnormal enlargement of distal air sacs
Frequently associated with chronic bronchitis
Develops over a long time, seen more often in people over 50
Type A COPD
"pink puffer"
,Emphysema causes - Answer- Smoking (99%)
Air pollution
Occupational hazards
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (1%)
Emphysema pathogenesis - Answer- Loss of alveolar wall
Decreased capillary beds for gas exchange
Decreased elasticity of lung tissue
Increased airway resistance and decreased air flow
Air trapping in distal alveoli
Emphysema Clinical Manifestations - Answer- Use of accessory muscles
Pursed lip breathing
Minimal or absent cough
Leans forward to breathe
Barrel chest
Clubbing and dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
Bronchiectasis - Answer- Defined by dilation of bronchi
Can be acquired or congenital
50% of cases associated with Cystic Fibrosis
Classified by shape
Saccular
Cylindrical
Fusiform
Bronchiectasis Clinical manifestations - Answer- Purulent secretions lead to airway
obstruction
Chronic productive cough
Copious foul smelling, green or yellow sputum
Fever
Hemoptysis
Night sweats
Pallor
Clubbing
Bronchiectasis treatment - Answer- Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Chest physiotherapy
Nutrition
Cystic Fibrosis - Answer- Autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands
Characterized by hyperthick mucous secretions
Rare in African Americans, Native Americans, Asians
Caucasians-1 in 25 are carriers
Incidence: 1 in 2200-3300 births (caucasian)
, MediaSecretions become excessively thick because of insufficient chloride and water
transport
Cystic Fibrosis pathogenesis - Answer- Secretions become excessively thick because
of insufficient chloride and water transport
The thick secretions PLUG the glands and ducts of exocrine glands
Primary effects
Pancreas
Sweat glands
Lungs
GI tract
Sterility in males
Cystic Fibrosis pathogenesis continued - Answer- Sweat/lacrimal glands
High concentrations of NaCl
Bronchopulmonary system
Airway obstruction
Stasis of secretions
Frequent infections
Atelectesis
Air trapping
Cystic Fibrosis clinical manifestations - Answer- Cough
Thick, tenacious sputum
Recurrent pulmonary infections
Bronchitis
Ultimately
Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)
Cystic Fibrosis Physical Exam - Answer- Clubbing (late sign)
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Sternal retractions
Hyperresonnance
Adventitious breath sounds
Nutritional assessment
Growth rate
Weight
Head circumference
Cystic fibrosis treatment - Answer- Unrestricted fat consumption
Need 150% caloric intake of healthy children
High protein diet
Vitamin supplements especially A,D,E,K
Questions with All Correct
Answers
Chronic bronchitis clinical manifestations - Answer- Chronic cough
Overweight
Excess body fluids (edema, hypervolemia)
Increased sputum production
Dyspnea on exertion
Muscle aches
Fatigue
End stage
Right heart failure
Edema
Airway obstruction is persistent and irreversible
Chronic bronchitis diagnosis - Answer- Chronic or recurrent productive cough of more
than 3 months and occurring each year for 2 or more successive years
Limit disease progression
Restore optimal resp function
Return to activities of daily living
chronic bronchitis/ emphysema treatments - Answer- Inhalers/Nebulizers
Bronchodilators
Cough suppressants
Antibiotics to treat infections
Low level O2 supplements
Smoking cessation
Corticosteriods
Diuretics
Emphysema - Answer- Defined by destructive changes of the alveolar wall without
fibrosis or dilation
Abnormal enlargement of distal air sacs
Frequently associated with chronic bronchitis
Develops over a long time, seen more often in people over 50
Type A COPD
"pink puffer"
,Emphysema causes - Answer- Smoking (99%)
Air pollution
Occupational hazards
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (1%)
Emphysema pathogenesis - Answer- Loss of alveolar wall
Decreased capillary beds for gas exchange
Decreased elasticity of lung tissue
Increased airway resistance and decreased air flow
Air trapping in distal alveoli
Emphysema Clinical Manifestations - Answer- Use of accessory muscles
Pursed lip breathing
Minimal or absent cough
Leans forward to breathe
Barrel chest
Clubbing and dyspnea on exertion (DOE)
Bronchiectasis - Answer- Defined by dilation of bronchi
Can be acquired or congenital
50% of cases associated with Cystic Fibrosis
Classified by shape
Saccular
Cylindrical
Fusiform
Bronchiectasis Clinical manifestations - Answer- Purulent secretions lead to airway
obstruction
Chronic productive cough
Copious foul smelling, green or yellow sputum
Fever
Hemoptysis
Night sweats
Pallor
Clubbing
Bronchiectasis treatment - Answer- Antibiotics
Bronchodilators
Chest physiotherapy
Nutrition
Cystic Fibrosis - Answer- Autosomal recessive disorder of the exocrine glands
Characterized by hyperthick mucous secretions
Rare in African Americans, Native Americans, Asians
Caucasians-1 in 25 are carriers
Incidence: 1 in 2200-3300 births (caucasian)
, MediaSecretions become excessively thick because of insufficient chloride and water
transport
Cystic Fibrosis pathogenesis - Answer- Secretions become excessively thick because
of insufficient chloride and water transport
The thick secretions PLUG the glands and ducts of exocrine glands
Primary effects
Pancreas
Sweat glands
Lungs
GI tract
Sterility in males
Cystic Fibrosis pathogenesis continued - Answer- Sweat/lacrimal glands
High concentrations of NaCl
Bronchopulmonary system
Airway obstruction
Stasis of secretions
Frequent infections
Atelectesis
Air trapping
Cystic Fibrosis clinical manifestations - Answer- Cough
Thick, tenacious sputum
Recurrent pulmonary infections
Bronchitis
Ultimately
Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)
Cystic Fibrosis Physical Exam - Answer- Clubbing (late sign)
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Sternal retractions
Hyperresonnance
Adventitious breath sounds
Nutritional assessment
Growth rate
Weight
Head circumference
Cystic fibrosis treatment - Answer- Unrestricted fat consumption
Need 150% caloric intake of healthy children
High protein diet
Vitamin supplements especially A,D,E,K
