Infectious disease exam 1
What is the title of the course? - ANS INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Which program is offering the course? - ANS Touro IL PA Program
In which semester will the course be held? - ANS Fall 2024
Who is the instructor of the course? - ANS Debra Marinovic, DMSC, MS, PA
What are the key principles of infectious diseases? - ANS Infectious Agents, Mode of Transmission,
Stages of disease, Factors associated with Emergence, Infection Control, Evaluation of febrile
patients
What are some factors associated with the emergence of infectious diseases? - ANS Factors
associated with Emergence include environmental changes, globalization, antibiotic resistance, and
zoonotic diseases.
What is the importance of evaluating febrile patients in infectious disease management? - ANS
Evaluation of febrile patients is crucial for early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention of
the spread of infectious diseases.
What are 'PORTALS OF ENTRY'? - ANS Points of entry through which pathogens can enter the body,
such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
What are some examples of infectious agents? - ANS Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Classical Parasites
What is invasiveness in the context of bacteria and disease? - ANS Invasiveness refers to the ability
of bacteria to invade host cells using virulence factors.
What role do enzymes play in bacterial infections? - ANS Enzymes produced by bacteria can damage
adjacent host cells, contributing to the progression of the infection.
,How can toxins produced by bacteria lead to disease? - ANS Toxins alone can cause disease by
affecting the host's cells and tissues.
Name some other factors that bacteria use to cause disease. - ANS Other factors include capsules,
spores, cilia, and flagella.
Provide examples of bacteria and the specific mechanisms they use to cause disease. - ANS Examples
include C. Diff (Toxin), S. Aureus (exoenzyme), and Strep pneumoniae (capsule).
What is the function of flagella? - ANS Locomotion
Name some bacteria that have flagella. - ANS E. Coli, Cholera, Shigella
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae)? - ANS adherence factor
Name some bacteria that have Pili (Fimbriae). - ANS N. gonorrhea, B. pertussis
What are Capsules in terms of cell structures? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What are Endospores? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What is the function of Flagella? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae)? - ANS Adherence factor
What are Capsules? - ANS Protective layers surrounding some bacteria
Name two bacteria mentioned in the text. - ANS Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
,What are Endospores? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures produced by some
bacteria
What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live both
inside and outside of host cells
What do Cell Structures act as according to the text? - ANS Virulence factors
What is the function of flagella in bacteria? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of pili (fimbriae) in bacteria? - ANS Adherence factor
What are capsules in bacteria? - ANS Protective layers surrounding the cell
What are endospores in bacteria? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures that allow
bacteria to survive harsh conditions
Name two genera of bacteria known for forming endospores. - ANS Bacillus, Clostridium
What type of organisms are facultative intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live both
inside and outside of host cells
What are cell structures that can act as virulence factors? - ANS Flagella, pili, capsules, endospores
What is the function of Flagella in bacteria? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae) in bacteria? - ANS Adherence factor
What are Capsules in bacteria? - ANS Protective layers surrounding the cell
What are Endospores in bacteria? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures
, What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live inside
or outside of host cells
Name some examples of Facultative Intracellular organisms. - ANS Listeria, Salmonella, Yersinia,
Legionella
What do Cell Structures act as in terms of virulence? - ANS Virulence factors
What are some methods used for diagnosing bacterial infection? - ANS Microscopy & Stains, Gram
stain, AFB, Culture & Identification, Susceptibility testing, Antigen/Antibody/Toxin detection
What types of samples can be tested for bacterial infection? - ANS Blood, CSF, joint fluid, pleural
fluid, peritoneal fluid, respiratory, GI, GU, skin
Why are positive findings in sterile vs. non-sterile sources significant? - ANS Positive findings in
sterile vs. non-sterile sources are significant because they can help determine the presence of
bacterial infection and guide treatment.
What is required for interpreting results from respiratory, GI, GU, and skin samples? - ANS Clinical
correlation is required for interpreting results from respiratory, GI, GU, and skin samples.
What type of parasites are viruses? - ANS Obligate Intracellular Parasites (OIP): Only reproduce in
cells
What factors does disease depend on in the context of viruses? - ANS Virulence, pathogenesis,
Inoculum size, Route of transmission, Immune status of host
What are some lab investigations used in clinical virology? - ANS Antigen and Antibody detection,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Serology (antibody titers), Cytology (characteristic host cell
changes), Electron Microscopy, Viral Isolation and Growth (slow!)
What method is used to detect characteristic host cell changes in virology? - ANS Cytology
(CytoPathic Effect)
Which technique is used to isolate and grow viruses in the lab? - ANS Viral Isolation and Growth
(slow!)
What is the title of the course? - ANS INTRODUCTION TO INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Which program is offering the course? - ANS Touro IL PA Program
In which semester will the course be held? - ANS Fall 2024
Who is the instructor of the course? - ANS Debra Marinovic, DMSC, MS, PA
What are the key principles of infectious diseases? - ANS Infectious Agents, Mode of Transmission,
Stages of disease, Factors associated with Emergence, Infection Control, Evaluation of febrile
patients
What are some factors associated with the emergence of infectious diseases? - ANS Factors
associated with Emergence include environmental changes, globalization, antibiotic resistance, and
zoonotic diseases.
What is the importance of evaluating febrile patients in infectious disease management? - ANS
Evaluation of febrile patients is crucial for early detection, appropriate treatment, and prevention of
the spread of infectious diseases.
What are 'PORTALS OF ENTRY'? - ANS Points of entry through which pathogens can enter the body,
such as the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
What are some examples of infectious agents? - ANS Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Classical Parasites
What is invasiveness in the context of bacteria and disease? - ANS Invasiveness refers to the ability
of bacteria to invade host cells using virulence factors.
What role do enzymes play in bacterial infections? - ANS Enzymes produced by bacteria can damage
adjacent host cells, contributing to the progression of the infection.
,How can toxins produced by bacteria lead to disease? - ANS Toxins alone can cause disease by
affecting the host's cells and tissues.
Name some other factors that bacteria use to cause disease. - ANS Other factors include capsules,
spores, cilia, and flagella.
Provide examples of bacteria and the specific mechanisms they use to cause disease. - ANS Examples
include C. Diff (Toxin), S. Aureus (exoenzyme), and Strep pneumoniae (capsule).
What is the function of flagella? - ANS Locomotion
Name some bacteria that have flagella. - ANS E. Coli, Cholera, Shigella
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae)? - ANS adherence factor
Name some bacteria that have Pili (Fimbriae). - ANS N. gonorrhea, B. pertussis
What are Capsules in terms of cell structures? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What are Endospores? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS They are a virulence factor
What is the function of Flagella? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae)? - ANS Adherence factor
What are Capsules? - ANS Protective layers surrounding some bacteria
Name two bacteria mentioned in the text. - ANS Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pneumoniae
,What are Endospores? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures produced by some
bacteria
What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live both
inside and outside of host cells
What do Cell Structures act as according to the text? - ANS Virulence factors
What is the function of flagella in bacteria? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of pili (fimbriae) in bacteria? - ANS Adherence factor
What are capsules in bacteria? - ANS Protective layers surrounding the cell
What are endospores in bacteria? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures that allow
bacteria to survive harsh conditions
Name two genera of bacteria known for forming endospores. - ANS Bacillus, Clostridium
What type of organisms are facultative intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live both
inside and outside of host cells
What are cell structures that can act as virulence factors? - ANS Flagella, pili, capsules, endospores
What is the function of Flagella in bacteria? - ANS Locomotion
What is the function of Pili (Fimbriae) in bacteria? - ANS Adherence factor
What are Capsules in bacteria? - ANS Protective layers surrounding the cell
What are Endospores in bacteria? - ANS Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structures
, What type of organisms are Facultative Intracellular organisms? - ANS Organisms that can live inside
or outside of host cells
Name some examples of Facultative Intracellular organisms. - ANS Listeria, Salmonella, Yersinia,
Legionella
What do Cell Structures act as in terms of virulence? - ANS Virulence factors
What are some methods used for diagnosing bacterial infection? - ANS Microscopy & Stains, Gram
stain, AFB, Culture & Identification, Susceptibility testing, Antigen/Antibody/Toxin detection
What types of samples can be tested for bacterial infection? - ANS Blood, CSF, joint fluid, pleural
fluid, peritoneal fluid, respiratory, GI, GU, skin
Why are positive findings in sterile vs. non-sterile sources significant? - ANS Positive findings in
sterile vs. non-sterile sources are significant because they can help determine the presence of
bacterial infection and guide treatment.
What is required for interpreting results from respiratory, GI, GU, and skin samples? - ANS Clinical
correlation is required for interpreting results from respiratory, GI, GU, and skin samples.
What type of parasites are viruses? - ANS Obligate Intracellular Parasites (OIP): Only reproduce in
cells
What factors does disease depend on in the context of viruses? - ANS Virulence, pathogenesis,
Inoculum size, Route of transmission, Immune status of host
What are some lab investigations used in clinical virology? - ANS Antigen and Antibody detection,
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Serology (antibody titers), Cytology (characteristic host cell
changes), Electron Microscopy, Viral Isolation and Growth (slow!)
What method is used to detect characteristic host cell changes in virology? - ANS Cytology
(CytoPathic Effect)
Which technique is used to isolate and grow viruses in the lab? - ANS Viral Isolation and Growth
(slow!)
