Nurb 3050 final exam with complete
solutions 2024/2025
Edema - ANSWER-an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which
causes a swelling or enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - ANSWER-venous return, arterial circulation,
and cell function
Causes of edema - ANSWER-1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWER--equivalent to higher blood
pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - ANSWER-increased blood volume cause by kidney failure,
pregnancy, and CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - ANSWER--loss of plasma
proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - ANSWER-- tumor or infection damages a lymph node or
lymph node is removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - ANSWER-- results from an inflammatory
response, bacterial toxins, burn or wound infections
,Effects of Edema - ANSWER--localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - ANSWER-insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate
intake or excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - ANSWER-loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - ANSWER--vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - ANSWER-insufficient insulin, leading to high blood
glucose levels and mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - ANSWER-dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - ANSWER-elasticity
hematocrit - ANSWER-percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - ANSWER-increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
, constricting cutaneous blood vessels
producing less urine
Third spacing - ANSWER-fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or
tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid
excess in the interstitial space
Hyponatremia - ANSWER--deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics
(fluid pills), hormonal imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - ANSWER-anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy,
muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve
conduction, hypovolemia
hypernatremia - ANSWER-increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery
diarrhea, prolonged periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - ANSWER-weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous
cells, increased thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones
that regulate electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary
intake (alcoholism, eating disorders, starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest,
interferes w/ neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness,
parethesias, decreased appetite (anorexia), shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired
renal function
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing"
drugs (diuretics), prolonged acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac
arrest, muscle weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity,
fatigue, nausea, parathesias
solutions 2024/2025
Edema - ANSWER-an excess of fluid in the interstitial compartment, which
causes a swelling or enlargement of tissues
Prolonged edema interferes with - ANSWER-venous return, arterial circulation,
and cell function
Causes of edema - ANSWER-1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
2. decreased plasma osmotic pressure in the capillaries
3. lymphatic obstruction
4. increased capillary pearmeability
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWER--equivalent to higher blood
pressure
-forces excessive fluid out of capillary into tissue
Hypervolemia - ANSWER-increased blood volume cause by kidney failure,
pregnancy, and CHF
Decreased Plasma Osmotic Pressure in the Capillaries - ANSWER--loss of plasma
proteins
Lymphatic obstruction - ANSWER-- tumor or infection damages a lymph node or
lymph node is removed
-cannot circulate lymph fluid
Increased Capillary Permeability - ANSWER-- results from an inflammatory
response, bacterial toxins, burn or wound infections
,Effects of Edema - ANSWER--localized swelling
- redness or pale
-pain
-pitting edema
-weight gain
-headache
-functional impairment
-impaired arterial circulation
- susceptible to tissue breakdown
-high BP
Dehyrdration - ANSWER-insufficient body fluid resulting from either inadequate
intake or excessive loss of fluids, or a combination of both
-measured by change in weight
hypovolemia - ANSWER-loss of fluids in the vascular compartment (bloodstream)
Causes of dehydration - ANSWER--vomiting and diarrhea
-excessive sweating
-GI suction
-DKA
-insufficient water intake
-use of concentrated formula for infants
diabetic ketoacidosis - ANSWER-insufficient insulin, leading to high blood
glucose levels and mobilization of lipids
effects of dehydration - ANSWER-dry mucous membrane
decreased skin turgor
Low BP, weak pulse
fatigue
increased hematocrit
decreasing mental function
confusion & loss of conciousness
turgor - ANSWER-elasticity
hematocrit - ANSWER-percentage of red blood cells in volume of blood
body compensated for dehydration by - ANSWER-increasing thirst
increasing heart rate
, constricting cutaneous blood vessels
producing less urine
Third spacing - ANSWER-fluids shifting out of the body into a body cavity or
tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid
- shift causes a fluid deficit in vascular compartment (hypovolemia) and fluid
excess in the interstitial space
Hyponatremia - ANSWER--deficit of sodium
- caused by early chronic renal failure, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, diuretics
(fluid pills), hormonal imbalances, excessive water intake
effects of hyponatremia - ANSWER-anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy,
muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizure, decreased BP, impaired nerve
conduction, hypovolemia
hypernatremia - ANSWER-increased amount of sodium
-caused by large amount of sodium intake, insufficient ADH, loss of thirst, watery
diarrhea, prolonged periods of respiration
effects of hypernatremia - ANSWER-weakness, agitation, firm subcutaneous
cells, increased thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-deficient potassium levels
-caused by: diarrhea, diuresis associated w/ diuretic drugs, excessive hormones
that regulate electrolytes(aldosterone or glucocorticoids), decreased dietary
intake (alcoholism, eating disorders, starvation), treatment of DKA w/ insulin
effects of hypokalemia - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias leading to cardiac arrest,
interferes w/ neuromuscular function, fatigue, nausea, muscle weakness,
parethesias, decreased appetite (anorexia), shallow breaths, polyuria, impaired
renal function
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-excessive potassium levels
-caused by kidney failure, deficit of aldosterone, use of "potassium-sparing"
drugs (diuretics), prolonged acidosis,
crash injuries/burns (leakage of potassium out of cells into blood)
effects of hyperkalemia - ANSWER-cardiac dysrhythmias that leads to cardiac
arrest, muscle weakness to paralysis, impairment of neuromuscular activity,
fatigue, nausea, parathesias
