BNNS501 Exam 2 Guide With
Complete Solution
Pulmonary circulation - ANSWER carries deoxygenated blood from right side
of heart via pulmonary trunk to lungs, then returns o2 blood to left side of
the heart via pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation - ANSWER Carries o2 blood from left side of the heart to
all parts of the body (except lungs) via aorta and returns co2 blood back to
right side of the body via vena cava
coronary circulation - ANSWER circulation of blood through the coronary
blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
(myocardium)
Pericardium - ANSWER Superficial layer of the heart. Protects heart because
of tough, dense, inflexible connective tissue. Stops heart from overfilling
anchors heart to surrounding structures. Has two layers (partienal and
visceral)
Myocardium - ANSWER Middle layer of heart. Cardiac muscle that pumps
blood
endocardium - ANSWER Deepest layer of heart. Thin, shiny, smooth lining
that covers heart valves. Has thin connective layer underneath and
minimising surface friction as blood flows through the heart.
3x functions of blood - ANSWER 1. Transport (o2&co2 to and from lungs,
nutrients from GI tract to tissues, wastes from cells to kidneys, hormones
,from glands to organs)
2. Regulation (pH levels, body temp, h2o levels)
3. Protections (Antibodies and WBC destroy pathogens, Haemostasis
prevents blood loss)
Hormone responsible for RBC production? (erythropoiesis) - ANSWER
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
Name of immature RBC - ANSWER reticulocyte
Neutrophils - ANSWER Located in blood. Most abundant type of WBC
(40-70%) engulfs pathogens via phagocytosis and responds aggressively
toward bacteria.
Lymphocytes - ANSWER Located in lymphatic system. Identifies and
coordinates immune response to antigens by creating antibodies. Attacks
tumours and viruses. Includes: T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells.
Monocytes - ANSWER produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation,
and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages.
Largest type of WBC, act as phagocytes.
Macrophages - ANSWER Found in blood and tissues. Detection and
destruction of pathogens, are phagocytes.
Eosinophils - ANSWER Found in gut, adipose tissue, bone marrow and
thymus. Combat parasites and helminths. Involved in allergic response.
Basophils - ANSWER Found in blood. Key in inflammatory reactions,
produces histamines
Location of WBC - ANSWER Blood vessels, lymphathic system, skin, lungs,
, spleen
Clotting Factor - ANSWER Inactive blood proteins which rapidly become
active enzymes when needed
3x functions of platelets - ANSWER 1. Releases chemicals that promote blood
clotting
2. Aggregate other platelets
3. Helps prevent blood loss by forming platelet plug in damaged tissue
Fibrinolysis - ANSWER Process of dissolving a clot and prevents blood vessels
from clotting innappropriatly
extrinsic pathway - ANSWER clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following
exposed blood to damaged tissue OUTSIDE blood vessel.
intrinsic pathway - ANSWER clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following
damaged tissue INSIDE lumen of blood vessel
Common Pathway - ANSWER final coagulation pathway activated either by
the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood
clot
Haemostasis - ANSWER rapid prevention of bleeding in damaged blood
vessels
Warfarin - ANSWER Anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K
Heparin - ANSWER Natural anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin
Vitamin K - ANSWER needed to synthesis some clotting factors
ca2+ - ANSWER Non-enzymatic clotting factor
Complete Solution
Pulmonary circulation - ANSWER carries deoxygenated blood from right side
of heart via pulmonary trunk to lungs, then returns o2 blood to left side of
the heart via pulmonary veins
Systemic circulation - ANSWER Carries o2 blood from left side of the heart to
all parts of the body (except lungs) via aorta and returns co2 blood back to
right side of the body via vena cava
coronary circulation - ANSWER circulation of blood through the coronary
blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
(myocardium)
Pericardium - ANSWER Superficial layer of the heart. Protects heart because
of tough, dense, inflexible connective tissue. Stops heart from overfilling
anchors heart to surrounding structures. Has two layers (partienal and
visceral)
Myocardium - ANSWER Middle layer of heart. Cardiac muscle that pumps
blood
endocardium - ANSWER Deepest layer of heart. Thin, shiny, smooth lining
that covers heart valves. Has thin connective layer underneath and
minimising surface friction as blood flows through the heart.
3x functions of blood - ANSWER 1. Transport (o2&co2 to and from lungs,
nutrients from GI tract to tissues, wastes from cells to kidneys, hormones
,from glands to organs)
2. Regulation (pH levels, body temp, h2o levels)
3. Protections (Antibodies and WBC destroy pathogens, Haemostasis
prevents blood loss)
Hormone responsible for RBC production? (erythropoiesis) - ANSWER
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
Name of immature RBC - ANSWER reticulocyte
Neutrophils - ANSWER Located in blood. Most abundant type of WBC
(40-70%) engulfs pathogens via phagocytosis and responds aggressively
toward bacteria.
Lymphocytes - ANSWER Located in lymphatic system. Identifies and
coordinates immune response to antigens by creating antibodies. Attacks
tumours and viruses. Includes: T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells.
Monocytes - ANSWER produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation,
and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages.
Largest type of WBC, act as phagocytes.
Macrophages - ANSWER Found in blood and tissues. Detection and
destruction of pathogens, are phagocytes.
Eosinophils - ANSWER Found in gut, adipose tissue, bone marrow and
thymus. Combat parasites and helminths. Involved in allergic response.
Basophils - ANSWER Found in blood. Key in inflammatory reactions,
produces histamines
Location of WBC - ANSWER Blood vessels, lymphathic system, skin, lungs,
, spleen
Clotting Factor - ANSWER Inactive blood proteins which rapidly become
active enzymes when needed
3x functions of platelets - ANSWER 1. Releases chemicals that promote blood
clotting
2. Aggregate other platelets
3. Helps prevent blood loss by forming platelet plug in damaged tissue
Fibrinolysis - ANSWER Process of dissolving a clot and prevents blood vessels
from clotting innappropriatly
extrinsic pathway - ANSWER clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following
exposed blood to damaged tissue OUTSIDE blood vessel.
intrinsic pathway - ANSWER clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following
damaged tissue INSIDE lumen of blood vessel
Common Pathway - ANSWER final coagulation pathway activated either by
the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood
clot
Haemostasis - ANSWER rapid prevention of bleeding in damaged blood
vessels
Warfarin - ANSWER Anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K
Heparin - ANSWER Natural anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin
Vitamin K - ANSWER needed to synthesis some clotting factors
ca2+ - ANSWER Non-enzymatic clotting factor
