NUR 226 Exam 1 Practice Questions and
Correct Answers
Pathophysiology ✅study of disease and injury
Disease ✅disruption of homeostasis (physical, mental, social)
What is homeostasis in relation to the body? ✅body + organs function best when at
normal range
What is an example of homeostasis in the body? ✅maintaining the body's blood ph
What is the normal ph range for our blood? ✅7.35-7.45
What is the term for a high ph? ✅alkalosis
What is the term for a low ph? ✅acidosis
What happens when the body's temperature falls? ✅blood vessels constrict, no
secreted fluid, shivering means that more heat is retained
What happens when the body's temperature rises? ✅blood vessels dilate, fluid is
secreted, fluid evaporates + heat is lost from the body
What are intrinsic factors in cause of disease? ✅internal conditions
Ex: over or under production of insulin
What are extrinsic factors in cause of disease? ✅external conditions
Ex: virus, fungi
What is special about bacteria in terms of cause of disease? ✅- can be intrinsic or
extrinsic
- intrinsic because we need bacteria in our gi tract
- extrinsic because food can have bacteria that can affect our gut
What are examples of intrinsic factors for disease? ✅- genes (mutations)
- immunity (immunocompromised)
- age (older= more susceptible to disease)
- gender
What are examples of extrinsic factors for disease? ✅- bacteria
- viruses
,- injury
- behaviors
- stressors
What are the stages of disease? ✅- exposure/ incubation
- onset
- remission
- convalescence
What is the exposure/ incubation stage? ✅- time of exposure to disease -> onset of
disease symptoms
- infected but might not have symptoms
What is the different types of onset stage of disease? ✅- sudden: ex is heart attack
- insidious: slow ex is gi bleed
- latent: time of infection to time of becoming infected
- prodromal: chills before getting sick
- manifestations: individual could or has been diagnosed with the disease
What is the remission stage of disease? ✅- disease is no longer active
- signs/ symptoms are reduced
What is the convalescence stage of disease? ✅recovering from disease
What are the 5 processes of disease? ✅1. Identification
2. Occurrence
3. Diagnosis
4. Etiology
5. Prognosis
What is the identification process of disease? ✅- signs: objective data (ex: lung
sounds)
- symptoms: subjective data (what pt. Tells you)
What is the occurrence process of disease? ✅- how often
- when
What is the diagnosis process of disease? ✅identification: put name to the disease
What is the etiology process of disease? ✅cause: what led to the disease
What is the prognosis process of disease? ✅- likelihood of recovery
- disease course or outcome
What are the three types of diseases? ✅1. Idiopathic
, 2. Iatrogenic
3. Exacerbation
What is the idiopathic disease type? ✅- unknown cause
- might have ideas or theories
- unable to identify how patient got disease
What is the iatrogenic disease type? ✅- caused by some treatment
- medical cause
- ex: colonoscopy
What is the exacerbation disease type? ✅- worsening of the disease
- acute decline in a person's chronic disease
- ex: exacerbation of asthma
Pharmacology ✅study of biological effect of drugs (chemicals) that are introduced into
body to cause some sort of change
Pharmacokinetics ✅what happens to the drugs in the body (4 components)
Pharmacodynamics ✅moa and or effects that the drug has on the body
Therapeutic effects ✅intended effect of the drug, what we want to happen
Side effects ✅unintended effects, unavoidable
- previously known before taking the drug
- ex: upset stomach, dry mouth, drowsiness (more common ones)
Toxicities ✅harmful effects
May be systemic or local
Adverse effects ✅- unexpected or dangerous reactions
- can range from mild to severe
- ex: rash, jaundice, anemia, kidney damage, etc.
Allergic reaction ✅unexpected, may be dangerous, involves immune system response
- ex: rash, hives, difficulty breathing
Pharmacogenomics ✅- how individuals genetic makeup can affect drug response
- tailor drugs to a persons genetic makeup
- better drugs with less adverse effects (pain control, cancer meds, psychiatric meds)
Prototype drugs ✅- one drug, typically the first, represents group or class of meds
Correct Answers
Pathophysiology ✅study of disease and injury
Disease ✅disruption of homeostasis (physical, mental, social)
What is homeostasis in relation to the body? ✅body + organs function best when at
normal range
What is an example of homeostasis in the body? ✅maintaining the body's blood ph
What is the normal ph range for our blood? ✅7.35-7.45
What is the term for a high ph? ✅alkalosis
What is the term for a low ph? ✅acidosis
What happens when the body's temperature falls? ✅blood vessels constrict, no
secreted fluid, shivering means that more heat is retained
What happens when the body's temperature rises? ✅blood vessels dilate, fluid is
secreted, fluid evaporates + heat is lost from the body
What are intrinsic factors in cause of disease? ✅internal conditions
Ex: over or under production of insulin
What are extrinsic factors in cause of disease? ✅external conditions
Ex: virus, fungi
What is special about bacteria in terms of cause of disease? ✅- can be intrinsic or
extrinsic
- intrinsic because we need bacteria in our gi tract
- extrinsic because food can have bacteria that can affect our gut
What are examples of intrinsic factors for disease? ✅- genes (mutations)
- immunity (immunocompromised)
- age (older= more susceptible to disease)
- gender
What are examples of extrinsic factors for disease? ✅- bacteria
- viruses
,- injury
- behaviors
- stressors
What are the stages of disease? ✅- exposure/ incubation
- onset
- remission
- convalescence
What is the exposure/ incubation stage? ✅- time of exposure to disease -> onset of
disease symptoms
- infected but might not have symptoms
What is the different types of onset stage of disease? ✅- sudden: ex is heart attack
- insidious: slow ex is gi bleed
- latent: time of infection to time of becoming infected
- prodromal: chills before getting sick
- manifestations: individual could or has been diagnosed with the disease
What is the remission stage of disease? ✅- disease is no longer active
- signs/ symptoms are reduced
What is the convalescence stage of disease? ✅recovering from disease
What are the 5 processes of disease? ✅1. Identification
2. Occurrence
3. Diagnosis
4. Etiology
5. Prognosis
What is the identification process of disease? ✅- signs: objective data (ex: lung
sounds)
- symptoms: subjective data (what pt. Tells you)
What is the occurrence process of disease? ✅- how often
- when
What is the diagnosis process of disease? ✅identification: put name to the disease
What is the etiology process of disease? ✅cause: what led to the disease
What is the prognosis process of disease? ✅- likelihood of recovery
- disease course or outcome
What are the three types of diseases? ✅1. Idiopathic
, 2. Iatrogenic
3. Exacerbation
What is the idiopathic disease type? ✅- unknown cause
- might have ideas or theories
- unable to identify how patient got disease
What is the iatrogenic disease type? ✅- caused by some treatment
- medical cause
- ex: colonoscopy
What is the exacerbation disease type? ✅- worsening of the disease
- acute decline in a person's chronic disease
- ex: exacerbation of asthma
Pharmacology ✅study of biological effect of drugs (chemicals) that are introduced into
body to cause some sort of change
Pharmacokinetics ✅what happens to the drugs in the body (4 components)
Pharmacodynamics ✅moa and or effects that the drug has on the body
Therapeutic effects ✅intended effect of the drug, what we want to happen
Side effects ✅unintended effects, unavoidable
- previously known before taking the drug
- ex: upset stomach, dry mouth, drowsiness (more common ones)
Toxicities ✅harmful effects
May be systemic or local
Adverse effects ✅- unexpected or dangerous reactions
- can range from mild to severe
- ex: rash, jaundice, anemia, kidney damage, etc.
Allergic reaction ✅unexpected, may be dangerous, involves immune system response
- ex: rash, hives, difficulty breathing
Pharmacogenomics ✅- how individuals genetic makeup can affect drug response
- tailor drugs to a persons genetic makeup
- better drugs with less adverse effects (pain control, cancer meds, psychiatric meds)
Prototype drugs ✅- one drug, typically the first, represents group or class of meds
