POLi 30d exam questions and
answers
Theory - answer A set of statements of principles devised to
explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been
repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make
predictions about natural phenomena
dependent variable - answer is the characteristic that you seek to
explain, this is the effect or response to a cause
Independant Variable - answer the factors that cause or explain
variation in the dependant variable
Measurement Conceptual - answer refers to the abstract
theoretical meaning of a concept. Provides an understanding of the
concept without detailing how it will be measured
Operational definition: - answer This is a detailed, specific, and
measurable definition of a concept. It specifies the procedures or
operations used to measure or observe the concept.
Independent Variable: - answer Definition: The variable that is
manipulated or chosen by the researcher to determine its
relationship with an outcome.
Example: In a study investigating the effect of tutoring on exam
scores, the independent variable is the presence or absence of
tutoring.
Dependent Variable: - answer Definition: The variable being
measured or observed; it is the outcome variable that may be
influenced by the independent variable.
, Example: In the same study, the dependent variable is the exam
scores.
Nominal Variable: - answer Definition: Categorical variables with
no inherent order or ranking.
Example: Gender (Male, Female). This matters because it helps
classify data, but the values don't have a meaningful order.
Ordinal Variable: - answer Definition: Categorical variables with a
meaningful order or ranking.
Example: Educational level (High School, Bachelor's, Master's). This
matters because there's a clear order, but the intervals between
values may not be equal.
Interval Variable: - answer Definition: Numerical variables with
equal intervals between values but no true zero point.
Example: Temperature in Celsius. This matters because you can
measure the differences between values, but zero does not mean
the absence of the variable.
Ratio Variable: - answer Definition: Numerical variables with equal
intervals between values and a true zero point.
Example: Height, weight. This matters because a zero in a ratio
variable means the absence of that variable.
Dummy Variable (Indicator Variable): - answer Definition: A
variable used in regression analysis and statistical modeling to
represent categorical data numerically.
Example: In a study with two groups, a dummy variable may take
the value 0 for one group and 1 for the other.
Importance: It allows the inclusion of categorical data in
quantitative analysis, enabling the examination of relationships
between variables. For example, in regression, dummy variables can
answers
Theory - answer A set of statements of principles devised to
explain a group of facts or phenomena, especially one that has been
repeatedly tested or is widely accepted and can be used to make
predictions about natural phenomena
dependent variable - answer is the characteristic that you seek to
explain, this is the effect or response to a cause
Independant Variable - answer the factors that cause or explain
variation in the dependant variable
Measurement Conceptual - answer refers to the abstract
theoretical meaning of a concept. Provides an understanding of the
concept without detailing how it will be measured
Operational definition: - answer This is a detailed, specific, and
measurable definition of a concept. It specifies the procedures or
operations used to measure or observe the concept.
Independent Variable: - answer Definition: The variable that is
manipulated or chosen by the researcher to determine its
relationship with an outcome.
Example: In a study investigating the effect of tutoring on exam
scores, the independent variable is the presence or absence of
tutoring.
Dependent Variable: - answer Definition: The variable being
measured or observed; it is the outcome variable that may be
influenced by the independent variable.
, Example: In the same study, the dependent variable is the exam
scores.
Nominal Variable: - answer Definition: Categorical variables with
no inherent order or ranking.
Example: Gender (Male, Female). This matters because it helps
classify data, but the values don't have a meaningful order.
Ordinal Variable: - answer Definition: Categorical variables with a
meaningful order or ranking.
Example: Educational level (High School, Bachelor's, Master's). This
matters because there's a clear order, but the intervals between
values may not be equal.
Interval Variable: - answer Definition: Numerical variables with
equal intervals between values but no true zero point.
Example: Temperature in Celsius. This matters because you can
measure the differences between values, but zero does not mean
the absence of the variable.
Ratio Variable: - answer Definition: Numerical variables with equal
intervals between values and a true zero point.
Example: Height, weight. This matters because a zero in a ratio
variable means the absence of that variable.
Dummy Variable (Indicator Variable): - answer Definition: A
variable used in regression analysis and statistical modeling to
represent categorical data numerically.
Example: In a study with two groups, a dummy variable may take
the value 0 for one group and 1 for the other.
Importance: It allows the inclusion of categorical data in
quantitative analysis, enabling the examination of relationships
between variables. For example, in regression, dummy variables can
