Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
- 40% of total body water
-K- ANSresponsible for osmotic balance of ICF space
- Na - ANSresponsible for osmotic balance of ECF space
-blastoma (suffix) - ANSoriginates from precursor cells or blasts (immature or embryonic
tissue).
Ex: children, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma
-oma (suffix) - ANSBenign tumors generally named according to the tissue from which they
arise Ex:- benign tumor of fat cells is a lipoma- smooth muscle of uterus is leiomyoma
(delayed, cell mediated); a reaction that is mediated by T-Cell Lymphocytes and does not
require antibody participation. It is a delayed reaction that occurs in 24-72 hours post-exposure
to an antigen. - ANSWhat is Type IV hypersensitivity?
(dependent on route the allergen entered the body); include urticarial, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and
asthma - ANSWhat are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivities?
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport - ANSANS: A
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In
the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the
contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30
mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the
interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
,5 Types of Necrosis - ANScoagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous
A- ANSA person with Type B blood has what antibodies?
A antigen - ANSA person with Type A blood has what antigen?
A chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; antibodies are formed against DNA and other
nuclear components; antibody antigen complexes are deposited in a variety of tissues and this
activates complement - ANSWhat is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
A pathogen which triggers the immune response - ANSWhat often precipitates autoimmune
disease?
A pathological immune response to an antigen which causes tissue and cellular damage to the
host - ANSWhat is a hypersensitivity?
A systemic autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissues
primarily in the joints. - ANSWhat is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
A type of hyperthyroidism; autoantibodies formed against thyroid cells. They bind to thyroid cells
and mimic action of TSH which causes an increase in secretion of thyroxine. - ANSWhat is
Grave's disease?
A, B, AB, O - ANSWhat are the 4 blood types?
AB - ANSA person with Type AB blood has what antigens?
AB - ANSA person with Type O blood has what antibodies?
AB positive - ANSWhat blood type is considered a universal recipient?
ABO incompatibilty and Rh incompatibility - ANSWhat are some examples of Type II
hypersensitivities?
Acid Base Balance effect on K+ - ANSHydrogen enters cell and is exchanged for potassium,
allowing potassium to escape during acidosis, vice versa for alkalosis, to maintain ionic balance.
H+ moves ICF and K+ moves ECF to maintain ionic balance.
acute phase reactants - ANS-coagulation proteins
-kinin
-complement
adeno (prefix) - ANSarise from ductal or glandular structures
,ADH - ANSIt plays an important role in homeostasis by regulation of water, glucose and salt in
the blood. It is released when body is dehydrated; secreted by the pituitary gland in response to
a water deficit, Na excess or low BP; It causes the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus increasing
plasma volume
Administer Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) within 72 hours of the initial birth - ANSHow do we
prevent Rh incompatibility reactions?
Adrenergic agents effect on K+ - ANSalbuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the cell
Adrenergic Agonists - ANSStimulants of beta 2 receptors by albuterol increase the activity of
the sodium potassium pump and shift potassium into the cell resulting in hypokalemia. Alpha
adrenergic receptors cause a shift out of the cell and may lead to hyperkalemia. Beta 2
antagonist cause shift into cell space as well.
Aldosterone - ANShormone secreted from the adrenal cortex and increases renal Na
resorption and K excretion
Allele - ANSPaired genes on autosomal chromosomes
Allergies to food, medication, pollen, etc. - ANSWhat are most Type I hypersensitivity
reactions attributed to?
Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - ANSLiver and germ cell tumors
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANSLiver and germ cell tumors
ALT enzymes are found where? - ANS- liver cells (L enzyme)
An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen - ANSWhat it Type I
hypersensitivity?
anaplasia - ANSabsence of differentiation
Angiogenesis: - ANSMicrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to obtain a
blood supply. A blood supply is needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
Anion - ANSChloride
Bicarbonate
Proteins
Phosphate
, Antibody IgE - ANSWhat does the Type I hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
Antidiuretic Hormone - ANSSecreted by the pituitary gland in response to a water deficit, Na
excess or a low BP. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb H2O thus increasing plasma volume. With
fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating) a decrease in blood volume and blood
pressure occurs. Baroreceptors (located in Right and Left atria, large veins, aorta, pulmonary
arteries and carotid sinus), signal the hypothalamus to release ADH.
Apoptosis - ANSCellular Effect: programmed cell death, normal process
Clinical Implications: Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states
including: Severe cell injury, Accumulation of misfolded proteins, Infections (part. viral),
Obstruction in tissue ducts
dysregulated apoptosis - excessive or insufficient apoptosis. ex: survival of mutated cells can
increase cancer risk.
Increased apoptosis is known to occur in ischemic injury (MI and stroke)- prevents cellular
proliferation resulting in a gigantic body
Arrest and extravasation: - ANSCancer cells stop moving, in small blood vessels called
capillaries at a distant location. They then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into the
surrounding tissue
AST enzymes are found where? - ANS- liver cells (s)
Atrophy - ANSE. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Autosomal chromosomes - ANSfirst 22 of 23 chromosomes
B- ANSA person with Type A blood has what antibodies?
B antigen - ANSA person with Type B blood has what antigen?
Bactrim - ANStreatment for PCP pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia
Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - ANSGerm cell tumors
Binding of IgG and IgM to an antigen on the plasma membrane - ANSWhat does Type II
Hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
AND ANSWERS
- 40% of total body water
-K- ANSresponsible for osmotic balance of ICF space
- Na - ANSresponsible for osmotic balance of ECF space
-blastoma (suffix) - ANSoriginates from precursor cells or blasts (immature or embryonic
tissue).
Ex: children, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma
-oma (suffix) - ANSBenign tumors generally named according to the tissue from which they
arise Ex:- benign tumor of fat cells is a lipoma- smooth muscle of uterus is leiomyoma
(delayed, cell mediated); a reaction that is mediated by T-Cell Lymphocytes and does not
require antibody participation. It is a delayed reaction that occurs in 24-72 hours post-exposure
to an antigen. - ANSWhat is Type IV hypersensitivity?
(dependent on route the allergen entered the body); include urticarial, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and
asthma - ANSWhat are the clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivities?
22. The movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid
surrounding the capillary is an example of which fluid movement process?
a. Hydrostatic pressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Active transport - ANSANS: A
Hydrostatic pressure is the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes. In
the vascular system, hydrostatic pressure is the blood pressure generated in vessels by the
contraction of the heart. Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25 to 30
mm Hg, which is sufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the
interstitial space. The remaining options do not correctly identify the process described.
PTS: 1 REF: Pages 29-30
,5 Types of Necrosis - ANScoagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, gangrenous
A- ANSA person with Type B blood has what antibodies?
A antigen - ANSA person with Type A blood has what antigen?
A chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disease; antibodies are formed against DNA and other
nuclear components; antibody antigen complexes are deposited in a variety of tissues and this
activates complement - ANSWhat is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?
A pathogen which triggers the immune response - ANSWhat often precipitates autoimmune
disease?
A pathological immune response to an antigen which causes tissue and cellular damage to the
host - ANSWhat is a hypersensitivity?
A systemic autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of connective tissues
primarily in the joints. - ANSWhat is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
A type of hyperthyroidism; autoantibodies formed against thyroid cells. They bind to thyroid cells
and mimic action of TSH which causes an increase in secretion of thyroxine. - ANSWhat is
Grave's disease?
A, B, AB, O - ANSWhat are the 4 blood types?
AB - ANSA person with Type AB blood has what antigens?
AB - ANSA person with Type O blood has what antibodies?
AB positive - ANSWhat blood type is considered a universal recipient?
ABO incompatibilty and Rh incompatibility - ANSWhat are some examples of Type II
hypersensitivities?
Acid Base Balance effect on K+ - ANSHydrogen enters cell and is exchanged for potassium,
allowing potassium to escape during acidosis, vice versa for alkalosis, to maintain ionic balance.
H+ moves ICF and K+ moves ECF to maintain ionic balance.
acute phase reactants - ANS-coagulation proteins
-kinin
-complement
adeno (prefix) - ANSarise from ductal or glandular structures
,ADH - ANSIt plays an important role in homeostasis by regulation of water, glucose and salt in
the blood. It is released when body is dehydrated; secreted by the pituitary gland in response to
a water deficit, Na excess or low BP; It causes the kidneys to reabsorb water, thus increasing
plasma volume
Administer Rh immune globulin (Rhogam) within 72 hours of the initial birth - ANSHow do we
prevent Rh incompatibility reactions?
Adrenergic agents effect on K+ - ANSalbuterol, beta blockers, and alpha adrenergic
antagonists cause K+ movement into the cell. Alpha adrenergic receptors shift K+ out of the cell
Adrenergic Agonists - ANSStimulants of beta 2 receptors by albuterol increase the activity of
the sodium potassium pump and shift potassium into the cell resulting in hypokalemia. Alpha
adrenergic receptors cause a shift out of the cell and may lead to hyperkalemia. Beta 2
antagonist cause shift into cell space as well.
Aldosterone - ANShormone secreted from the adrenal cortex and increases renal Na
resorption and K excretion
Allele - ANSPaired genes on autosomal chromosomes
Allergies to food, medication, pollen, etc. - ANSWhat are most Type I hypersensitivity
reactions attributed to?
Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) - ANSLiver and germ cell tumors
Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANSLiver and germ cell tumors
ALT enzymes are found where? - ANS- liver cells (L enzyme)
An immediate hypersensitivity response to an environmental allergen - ANSWhat it Type I
hypersensitivity?
anaplasia - ANSabsence of differentiation
Angiogenesis: - ANSMicrometastases stimulate the growth of new blood vessels to obtain a
blood supply. A blood supply is needed to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for
continued tumor growth.
Anion - ANSChloride
Bicarbonate
Proteins
Phosphate
, Antibody IgE - ANSWhat does the Type I hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
Antidiuretic Hormone - ANSSecreted by the pituitary gland in response to a water deficit, Na
excess or a low BP. It causes the kidneys to reabsorb H2O thus increasing plasma volume. With
fluid loss (vomiting, diarrhea or excessive sweating) a decrease in blood volume and blood
pressure occurs. Baroreceptors (located in Right and Left atria, large veins, aorta, pulmonary
arteries and carotid sinus), signal the hypothalamus to release ADH.
Apoptosis - ANSCellular Effect: programmed cell death, normal process
Clinical Implications: Death by apoptosis causes loss of cells in many pathologic states
including: Severe cell injury, Accumulation of misfolded proteins, Infections (part. viral),
Obstruction in tissue ducts
dysregulated apoptosis - excessive or insufficient apoptosis. ex: survival of mutated cells can
increase cancer risk.
Increased apoptosis is known to occur in ischemic injury (MI and stroke)- prevents cellular
proliferation resulting in a gigantic body
Arrest and extravasation: - ANSCancer cells stop moving, in small blood vessels called
capillaries at a distant location. They then invade the walls of the capillaries and migrate into the
surrounding tissue
AST enzymes are found where? - ANS- liver cells (s)
Atrophy - ANSE. Cells decrease in size
P. Still functional; imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Essentially there is an
increase in the catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of cell
Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood
Pathological: disuse (muscle atrophy d/ decrease workload, pressure, use, blood supply,
nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation)
Autosomal chromosomes - ANSfirst 22 of 23 chromosomes
B- ANSA person with Type A blood has what antibodies?
B antigen - ANSA person with Type B blood has what antigen?
Bactrim - ANStreatment for PCP pneumocystis Jiroveci pneumonia
Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin B-hCG origin - ANSGerm cell tumors
Binding of IgG and IgM to an antigen on the plasma membrane - ANSWhat does Type II
Hypersensitivity pathogenesis begin with?
