NUR 3125 Patho Test 1: Fluid and electrolyte Questions
With Complete Solutions
(**CELL IS NOT ABLE TO REPOLARIZE)
**Muscle weakness**
Loss of muscle tone
Paralysis
Wide QRS complex
**Slow cardiac rates
Cardiac arrest**
Calcium can override effects of K+ Correct Answers
Hyperkalemia
How does the abnormality appear clinically later?
****Increase reabsorption of sodium and secretes potassium
******When sodium retained, water is retained and vascular
volume increased
(Increases sodium concentration, Decreased potassium
concentration) Correct Answers aldosterone is one of the
products of the RAA system and has a main function to
**increase in plasma osmolality (concentrated blood) or
hypotension by volume-sensitive receptors (osmorereceptors) or
decreased atrial pressure** Correct Answers Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH)(water system)
Stimulated by
**Sodium exits cell - cell more negative
**Less ability to respond to electrical stimulation
Behavior changes
Lethargy
, Headache
Depressed reflexes
Coma
Confusion
* Seizures (esp if plasma sodium < 120mEq/L due to cerebral
edema)(cells are swelling in the brain)
***Dilution hyponatremia related to osmotic fluid shift into
cells and increased hydrostatic pressure
Weight gain
* Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
*Edema
J*ugular venous distention Correct Answers Hyponatremia
How does the abnormality appear clinically?
*1 Correct Answers *percent of calcium located in plasma
*50% bound to plasma protein - inactive
*40% free or ionized (most important physiologic) (active,
working calcium) Correct Answers How is the 1 percent of
calcium that is located in plasma distributed (99% is in bone),
*B/P increase
*Edema
*Pulmonary congestion (CHF)
(Decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin (hemodilution) and
Neck vein distention) Correct Answers Isotonic Volume
Excess (Hypervolemia)
How do changes associated with the disorder appear clinically?
*hypercalcemia, Correct Answers only electrolyte imbalance
that manifests constipation
, *hypocalcemia*, hypomagnesia Correct Answers electrolyte
imbalances that manifest tetany
*hyponatremia, *hypervolemia Correct Answers imbalances
that result in edema
*Intracellular dehydration, thirst, fever
*Seizures
*Hyperreflexia/Muscle twitching
*Confusion
*May appear as fluid volume overload
(sodium retention) or deficit (fluid loss)
depending on cause Correct Answers Hypernatremia
How does the imbalance appear clinically?
*one of two things: pt is losing lots of fluids - free water -
(increasing Na), or pt is retaining lots of Na+ Correct Answers
Causes of Hypernatremia:
*Orthostasis - may be first sign (orthostatic hypotension: patient
has decreased BP when standing up too fast)*
(Weight loss
Decreased urine output
Tachycardia (stress response, body does not like hypovolemia)
Flat neck veins
Normal or decreased blood pressure
Hypovolemic shock (severe)) Correct Answers Isotonic
Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia)
How do changes associated with the disorder appear clinically
With Complete Solutions
(**CELL IS NOT ABLE TO REPOLARIZE)
**Muscle weakness**
Loss of muscle tone
Paralysis
Wide QRS complex
**Slow cardiac rates
Cardiac arrest**
Calcium can override effects of K+ Correct Answers
Hyperkalemia
How does the abnormality appear clinically later?
****Increase reabsorption of sodium and secretes potassium
******When sodium retained, water is retained and vascular
volume increased
(Increases sodium concentration, Decreased potassium
concentration) Correct Answers aldosterone is one of the
products of the RAA system and has a main function to
**increase in plasma osmolality (concentrated blood) or
hypotension by volume-sensitive receptors (osmorereceptors) or
decreased atrial pressure** Correct Answers Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH)(water system)
Stimulated by
**Sodium exits cell - cell more negative
**Less ability to respond to electrical stimulation
Behavior changes
Lethargy
, Headache
Depressed reflexes
Coma
Confusion
* Seizures (esp if plasma sodium < 120mEq/L due to cerebral
edema)(cells are swelling in the brain)
***Dilution hyponatremia related to osmotic fluid shift into
cells and increased hydrostatic pressure
Weight gain
* Ascites (accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity)
*Edema
J*ugular venous distention Correct Answers Hyponatremia
How does the abnormality appear clinically?
*1 Correct Answers *percent of calcium located in plasma
*50% bound to plasma protein - inactive
*40% free or ionized (most important physiologic) (active,
working calcium) Correct Answers How is the 1 percent of
calcium that is located in plasma distributed (99% is in bone),
*B/P increase
*Edema
*Pulmonary congestion (CHF)
(Decrease in hematocrit and hemoglobin (hemodilution) and
Neck vein distention) Correct Answers Isotonic Volume
Excess (Hypervolemia)
How do changes associated with the disorder appear clinically?
*hypercalcemia, Correct Answers only electrolyte imbalance
that manifests constipation
, *hypocalcemia*, hypomagnesia Correct Answers electrolyte
imbalances that manifest tetany
*hyponatremia, *hypervolemia Correct Answers imbalances
that result in edema
*Intracellular dehydration, thirst, fever
*Seizures
*Hyperreflexia/Muscle twitching
*Confusion
*May appear as fluid volume overload
(sodium retention) or deficit (fluid loss)
depending on cause Correct Answers Hypernatremia
How does the imbalance appear clinically?
*one of two things: pt is losing lots of fluids - free water -
(increasing Na), or pt is retaining lots of Na+ Correct Answers
Causes of Hypernatremia:
*Orthostasis - may be first sign (orthostatic hypotension: patient
has decreased BP when standing up too fast)*
(Weight loss
Decreased urine output
Tachycardia (stress response, body does not like hypovolemia)
Flat neck veins
Normal or decreased blood pressure
Hypovolemic shock (severe)) Correct Answers Isotonic
Volume Depletion (Hypovolemia)
How do changes associated with the disorder appear clinically
