AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
Scientific Revolution - advances in the knowledge of how nature works, included
new discoveries and solved ancient problems, moved knowledge from uncertainty
to uncertainty, came in the fields of physics, astronomy, and medicine
alchemy - the belief that matter could be understood and transformed by mixing
substances and using secret formulas, a famous alchemist was Paracelsus, who
said that metals as well as plants might have medicinal properties
Vesalius - influenced anatomy and astronomy, wrote The Structure of the Human
Body, member of the Padua faculty, pointed out errors in the work of Galen, he
used dessections to produce anatomical descriptions that opened a new era of
careful observation and experimentation in the study of bodies, influenced
anatomy to move to a new level
Copernicus - wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, said that the
calculations of planetary movements of Ptolemy were way too complex but
Copernicus's were also complex, he believed in the heliocentric theory, which said
the sun is the center of the universe, Polish, successors found his calculations to
be indespensable, ideas became a part of inellectual discussion, influenced the
creation of the Gregorian calendar, the scholarly community argued over the
certainty of Copernicus's ideas
,AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
Tycho Brahe - the leading astronomer of the era, produced the most remarkable
observations of the heavens before the invention of the telescope by plotting the
path of the moon and planets every night for decades, came up with an uneasy
theory that was a compromise between the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems
Kepler - German, made major advances in the work of Copernicus and helped
resolve the uncertainties in astronomy, believed that only the language of math
could describe the movements of the heavens, famous astrologer, thought
Copernicus was right, wanted to confirm the heliocentric theory right, discovered
the three laws of planetary motion, opened a new era in astronomy, proved that
orbits of the planets are ellipses and that there is a regularity based on their
distance from the sun which determines the movements of all planets
Galileo - Italian, first to perceive the connection between planetary motion and
motion on the earth, came up with the theory of inertia, was 1st to infer that
Jupiter has satellites and moons, taught the heliocentric theory, which caused
trouble with the church, they told him to quit teaching this and in fear of
excommunication, he renounced beliefs, invented the telescope, was one of the
first to approach his work in the same way as modern scientists, wrote Dialogue
on the Two Great World Systems, advocated experience, reason, and doubt, did
not let common sense and theological teachings get in the way
,AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
Pope Gregory XIII - decided to reform the calendar in 1582, creating the Greorian
calendar
William Harvey - English doctor, revolutionized the understanding of the human
body when he ientified the function of the heart and proved that the blood
circulates
Newton - contributed to math, physics, and astronomy, he combined these three
to explain motion, developed calculus and the basic laws of modern physics,
which govern the motion of the moon and the planets, wrote Principia, which said
that math and experiments prove science and give it certainty, active participation
in meetings of the Royal Society of London, provided the expanation of the
movement of objects in space, said that the world was stable and orderly, first
scientist to receive a knighthood in England
epistemology - a new theory of how to obtain and verify knowledge
Bacon - inspired scientists with what they could contribute to society, said that
science is the savior of humans, greatest of science's propagandists, wrote the
New Atlantis, which held his view of an ideal society, believed in induction
, AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
induction - starting with observation, the logical process by which one moves to
general principles, advocated by Bacon
Descartes - French, made first attempt to apply the new methods of science to
theories of knowledge, said that people can be deceived by their senses, so one
should apply all knowledge to the princple of doubt, refusal to accept an authority
without verification, came up with "I think therefore I am." showed the difference
between faith and reality and the difference between science and fate and
perception, theoretical instead of experimental, found difference between mass
and weight, used deduction, wrote the Discourses
deduction - knowing a fact with certainty, therefore you can deduce another fact,
gaining facts from facts, advocated by Descartes
Pascal - said that faith was more important than science, truths found in science
are limited, wrote the Pensees, anxious about the growing influence of science
Royal Society - formed by Robert Boyle and eleven others in 1660, acted as a more
permanent and systematic organization of scientific activity, granted a charter by
Charles II, served as a headquarters and clearing center for research, began
publishing Philosophical Transactions
answers
Scientific Revolution - advances in the knowledge of how nature works, included
new discoveries and solved ancient problems, moved knowledge from uncertainty
to uncertainty, came in the fields of physics, astronomy, and medicine
alchemy - the belief that matter could be understood and transformed by mixing
substances and using secret formulas, a famous alchemist was Paracelsus, who
said that metals as well as plants might have medicinal properties
Vesalius - influenced anatomy and astronomy, wrote The Structure of the Human
Body, member of the Padua faculty, pointed out errors in the work of Galen, he
used dessections to produce anatomical descriptions that opened a new era of
careful observation and experimentation in the study of bodies, influenced
anatomy to move to a new level
Copernicus - wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, said that the
calculations of planetary movements of Ptolemy were way too complex but
Copernicus's were also complex, he believed in the heliocentric theory, which said
the sun is the center of the universe, Polish, successors found his calculations to
be indespensable, ideas became a part of inellectual discussion, influenced the
creation of the Gregorian calendar, the scholarly community argued over the
certainty of Copernicus's ideas
,AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
Tycho Brahe - the leading astronomer of the era, produced the most remarkable
observations of the heavens before the invention of the telescope by plotting the
path of the moon and planets every night for decades, came up with an uneasy
theory that was a compromise between the Ptolemaic and Copernican systems
Kepler - German, made major advances in the work of Copernicus and helped
resolve the uncertainties in astronomy, believed that only the language of math
could describe the movements of the heavens, famous astrologer, thought
Copernicus was right, wanted to confirm the heliocentric theory right, discovered
the three laws of planetary motion, opened a new era in astronomy, proved that
orbits of the planets are ellipses and that there is a regularity based on their
distance from the sun which determines the movements of all planets
Galileo - Italian, first to perceive the connection between planetary motion and
motion on the earth, came up with the theory of inertia, was 1st to infer that
Jupiter has satellites and moons, taught the heliocentric theory, which caused
trouble with the church, they told him to quit teaching this and in fear of
excommunication, he renounced beliefs, invented the telescope, was one of the
first to approach his work in the same way as modern scientists, wrote Dialogue
on the Two Great World Systems, advocated experience, reason, and doubt, did
not let common sense and theological teachings get in the way
,AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
Pope Gregory XIII - decided to reform the calendar in 1582, creating the Greorian
calendar
William Harvey - English doctor, revolutionized the understanding of the human
body when he ientified the function of the heart and proved that the blood
circulates
Newton - contributed to math, physics, and astronomy, he combined these three
to explain motion, developed calculus and the basic laws of modern physics,
which govern the motion of the moon and the planets, wrote Principia, which said
that math and experiments prove science and give it certainty, active participation
in meetings of the Royal Society of London, provided the expanation of the
movement of objects in space, said that the world was stable and orderly, first
scientist to receive a knighthood in England
epistemology - a new theory of how to obtain and verify knowledge
Bacon - inspired scientists with what they could contribute to society, said that
science is the savior of humans, greatest of science's propagandists, wrote the
New Atlantis, which held his view of an ideal society, believed in induction
, AP Euro Exam Review questions and
answers
induction - starting with observation, the logical process by which one moves to
general principles, advocated by Bacon
Descartes - French, made first attempt to apply the new methods of science to
theories of knowledge, said that people can be deceived by their senses, so one
should apply all knowledge to the princple of doubt, refusal to accept an authority
without verification, came up with "I think therefore I am." showed the difference
between faith and reality and the difference between science and fate and
perception, theoretical instead of experimental, found difference between mass
and weight, used deduction, wrote the Discourses
deduction - knowing a fact with certainty, therefore you can deduce another fact,
gaining facts from facts, advocated by Descartes
Pascal - said that faith was more important than science, truths found in science
are limited, wrote the Pensees, anxious about the growing influence of science
Royal Society - formed by Robert Boyle and eleven others in 1660, acted as a more
permanent and systematic organization of scientific activity, granted a charter by
Charles II, served as a headquarters and clearing center for research, began
publishing Philosophical Transactions
