Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
Italian Renaissance - The Italian Renaissance was the beginning of the
Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that
spanned the period from the end of the 13th century to about 1600.
Jacob Burckhart - A 19th century historian who claimed the Renaissance period
stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages
city-states - Small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian
peninsula that caused much competition and were not politically unified between
the 10th and 15th centuries.
Signori - Despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.
Oligarchies - rule of merchant aristocracies
commenda system - contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who
agreed to take goods to locations and return with the proceeds(for 1/3 of profit
condotierri - mercenary generals of private armies who were hired by cities for
military purposes
,Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
Republic of Florence - (included Republic of Genoa) was the center of the
Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries, was dominated by the Medici
family
Medici family - Dominated the Republic of Florence,were the bankers of the
Catholic Church
Cosimo de' Medici - (1389-1464) allied with other powerful families of Florence
and became the unofficial ruler of the Republic of Florence, was the most
powerful of the Medici rulers.
Lorenzo de' Medici (the Magnificent) - the son of Cosimo de' Medici. Was a
significant patron of the arts. Was damned to hell by Savanarola
Duchy of Milan - ruled by the Sforza family after 1450. Was a major enemy of
Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi in 1454
Sforza family - ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450
,Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
Peace of Lodi, 1454 - created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy
and a stable balance of power. The peace was, in part, a response to concerns
over the ottaman conquest of Constantinople (1453).
Republic of Venice - longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to
foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800's). Was the greatest
maritime power in Italy and one of the world's great naval and trading powers
during the 14th and 15th centuries. (also called the Venetian Republic
Papal States - the Italian city-states, including Rome, in which the pope served as
both a religious and political leader controlling most of central Italy. The Papal
States were one of the five powers that dominated the Italian Peninsula also
including Venice, Milan, Florence, and the kingdom of Naples
Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - Italian kingdom that included the southern
Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily. It was the only Italian city-state to
officially have a king. King Charles VIII and the French took control until Spain took
over in 1435.
Charles VIII - King of France whose reign was from 1483 till 1498. He and his
French troops invaded Italy in 1494 beginning the First Italian War. He was
, Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
encouraged by Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor" to invade Milan's enemy,
Naples, also causing a series of foreign invasions in Italy
Girolamo Savonarola - A Dominican friar who was the unofficial leader of Florence
from 1494 to 1498 who pledged to rid Florence of its corruption. He contributed
to the fall of the Medici dynasty by attacking the undemocratic government of
Lorenzo de' Medici with his fiery sermons. He was excommunicated later on and
burned at the stake
Machiavelli - famous writer of the Renaissance who wrote The Prince, a book that
focused on political power: how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase it. His
ideas about political superiority dominated the Renaissance. Believed "it was
better to be feared than to be loved". He lived from 1469 to 1527
The Prince - the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century; "ends justified
the means;" "better to be feared than loved;" rulers had to be practical and
cunning, aggressive and ruthless
Cesare Borgia - son of Pope Alexander VI, inspired/model for Machiavelli's The
Prince, made a cardinal at age 18, but became the first person to resign a
cardinalship.
Italian Renaissance - The Italian Renaissance was the beginning of the
Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that
spanned the period from the end of the 13th century to about 1600.
Jacob Burckhart - A 19th century historian who claimed the Renaissance period
stood in distinct contrast to the Middle Ages
city-states - Small independent states mostly in the central and northern Italian
peninsula that caused much competition and were not politically unified between
the 10th and 15th centuries.
Signori - Despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300.
Oligarchies - rule of merchant aristocracies
commenda system - contract between merchant and "merchant-adventurer" who
agreed to take goods to locations and return with the proceeds(for 1/3 of profit
condotierri - mercenary generals of private armies who were hired by cities for
military purposes
,Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
Republic of Florence - (included Republic of Genoa) was the center of the
Renaissance during the 14th and 15th centuries, was dominated by the Medici
family
Medici family - Dominated the Republic of Florence,were the bankers of the
Catholic Church
Cosimo de' Medici - (1389-1464) allied with other powerful families of Florence
and became the unofficial ruler of the Republic of Florence, was the most
powerful of the Medici rulers.
Lorenzo de' Medici (the Magnificent) - the son of Cosimo de' Medici. Was a
significant patron of the arts. Was damned to hell by Savanarola
Duchy of Milan - ruled by the Sforza family after 1450. Was a major enemy of
Venice and Florence until the Peace of Lodi in 1454
Sforza family - ruled the Duchy of Milan after 1450
,Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
Peace of Lodi, 1454 - created a relative 40-year period of peace in northern Italy
and a stable balance of power. The peace was, in part, a response to concerns
over the ottaman conquest of Constantinople (1453).
Republic of Venice - longest lasting of the Italian states (did not succumb to
foreign powers until Napoleon conquered it in the early 1800's). Was the greatest
maritime power in Italy and one of the world's great naval and trading powers
during the 14th and 15th centuries. (also called the Venetian Republic
Papal States - the Italian city-states, including Rome, in which the pope served as
both a religious and political leader controlling most of central Italy. The Papal
States were one of the five powers that dominated the Italian Peninsula also
including Venice, Milan, Florence, and the kingdom of Naples
Naples, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - Italian kingdom that included the southern
Italian region of Naples and the island of Sicily. It was the only Italian city-state to
officially have a king. King Charles VIII and the French took control until Spain took
over in 1435.
Charles VIII - King of France whose reign was from 1483 till 1498. He and his
French troops invaded Italy in 1494 beginning the First Italian War. He was
, Ap Euro Exam Study Guide questions 2024
encouraged by Milan's despot, Ludovico "the Moor" to invade Milan's enemy,
Naples, also causing a series of foreign invasions in Italy
Girolamo Savonarola - A Dominican friar who was the unofficial leader of Florence
from 1494 to 1498 who pledged to rid Florence of its corruption. He contributed
to the fall of the Medici dynasty by attacking the undemocratic government of
Lorenzo de' Medici with his fiery sermons. He was excommunicated later on and
burned at the stake
Machiavelli - famous writer of the Renaissance who wrote The Prince, a book that
focused on political power: how a ruler should gain, maintain and increase it. His
ideas about political superiority dominated the Renaissance. Believed "it was
better to be feared than to be loved". He lived from 1469 to 1527
The Prince - the quintessential political treatise of the 16th century; "ends justified
the means;" "better to be feared than loved;" rulers had to be practical and
cunning, aggressive and ruthless
Cesare Borgia - son of Pope Alexander VI, inspired/model for Machiavelli's The
Prince, made a cardinal at age 18, but became the first person to resign a
cardinalship.
