JCERTIFIED LACTATION COUNSELOR
(CLC) STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
AAP - American Academy of Pediatrics
ABM - Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
AGA - Appropriate for gestational age.
Alveoli - Small glands in the breast that produce breast milk.
Amenorrhea - The absence of menstruation.
Aysemmetric latch - Optimal attachment to the breast, where the babies lips are not centered in
relationship to the areola, but rather vertically off centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to
the edge of the areola and the babies upper lip.
Atopy - And allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis.
(BFHI) Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative - The UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative, an international
program recognizing hospitals and birth centers that implement the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding.
Bilirubin - The byproduct of the breakdown of the hemoglobin portion of red blood cells.
Bilirubin Encephalopathy - Damage to the brain and central nervous system related to
hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice); Also known as "Kernicterus."
Milk Bleb - A firm, small, white spot near the nipple pore opening containing accumulated milk solids.
Also referred to as a milk blister.
Block Feeding - A pattern of feeding: used to deal with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding,
the mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or three feedings to generate mild local
pressure to slow down milk production. Then she offers the other breast for another block of time.
Blocked Duct - A condition in which milk from one part of the breast does not flow well and forms a
lump of solidified milk that blocks the milk duct.
Brachial Plexus Injury - Decreased movement or sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of
nerves passing through the shoulder area. This may be caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder
area.
Bradycardia - Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an infant.
Breast Abscess - An area in the breast that feels hot and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting
from unresolved mastitis.
,Breast Compression - A hands-on method used during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk.
The mother gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or
slows, to increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage."
Breastmilk Jaundice - Jaundice occurring in the breast fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of
breastmilk jaundice is unknown and the incident is less than 1%.
Brucellosis - Bacterial infection from contact with animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes
an undulating fever that spikes in waves.
Candida - A family of parasitic fungi occurring especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and include the caustive agent (candida albicans) of
thrush.
Caput Succedaneum - Swelling of the soft tissues of a newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby
travels through the birth canal.
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cephalohematoma - A lump that rises on the head of a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding
beneath the bones of the skull.
Chorioamniotis - Inflammation of the fetal membrane due to infection.
Cleft Lip and/or Palate - A congenital birth defect causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or split in the lip.
Cyanosis - A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
Colostrum - The first milk, produced in the breast by the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky,
and clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping the
baby to pass meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In colostrum provide an anti-infection
protection to the baby and their gut microbiome.
Contraindication - A condition or factor that makes something in advisable.
Craniofacial - Involving the head and skull.
Cooper's Ligaments - The triangular-shaped ligaments underlying the breasts.
Cytomegalovirus - A virus of the herpes family that is relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe
systemic infection in infants, particularly those born premature.
Dehydration Signs - Symptoms include, but are not limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or
no urine output, concentrated urine that appears dark yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes,
markedly sunken fontanelles in an infant, lethargic or coma (severe).
Diabetes Mellitus - A group of diseases in which the body has difficulty managing stable blood sugar.
Discordant Twins - Twin pairs with a marked difference in size at birth.
, Discrepancy Breasts - A condition in which a woman's breast are markedly different in size and/or shape.
This is associated with potential milk supply problems. Also called "asymmetric "breasts.
Down Syndrome - A congenital condition characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation
*[textbook definition]*. Also called trisomy 21.
Dyad - A group of two. In lactation terms, usually refers to a nursing mother and baby.
Duarte Galactosemia - A variant of galactosemia with generally milder complications.
EBF - Exclusively breastfed.
ELBW j(Acronym) j- jExtremely jlow jbirth jweight. jAn jinfant jwith ja jbirth jweight jless jthan j<1,000 jgrams
j(2.2 jpounds).
Failure jto jThrive j(FTT) j- jA jserious jcondition jin jwhich jbaby's jgrowth jis jinadequate jand jrequires
jmedical jevaluation.
Engorgement j- jSwelling jin jthe jbreast jthat jblocks jmilk jflow; jcaused jby jinadequate jor jinfrequent jmilk
jremoval jthe jbreast(s). jBreasts jwill jbe jhot jto jthe jtouch, jpainful jand jwill jlook jtight jand jshiny. jWith
jsevere jengorgement, jmilk jproduction jmay jstop. jWith jinadequate jdrainage, jclogs jand/or jmastitis jcan
joccur.
Everted jNipple j- jA jnipple jthat jturns joutward jwhen jstimulated.
Exclusive jBreastmilk jFeeding j(EBMF) j- jA jterm jused jby jThe jJoint jCommission j(2011) jto jdescribe jthose
jbabies jwho jare jreceiving jonly jhuman jmilk.
Feeding jCues j- jInfant jbehavior jthat jindicates jan jinterest jin jeating, jincluding jrapid jeye jmovement,
jmovement jof jhands jnear jthe jface jand jmouth j(sucking jhands jand jfingers), jrooting jand jseeking
jmotions j(turning jhead jside jto jside jwhile jgaping).
Flat jNipple j- jA jnipple jthat jeverts jin jresponse jto jstimulation jbut jis jotherwise jnot jprojected.
Foremilk j- jThe jmilk jthat jis jexpressed jfrom jthe jbreast jat jthe jbeginning jof ja jfeed.
Glactocele j- jA jmilk-filled jcyst jin jthe jbreast, jmost jlikely jcaused jby jan jobstructed jduct.
Glactogogue j- jFood jor jdrinks jgiven jto jthe jlactating jparent jthat jare jbelieved jto jincrease jmilk
jproduction.
Galactose j- jA jsimple jsugar jthat jis jportion jof jlactose; jthe jsugar jpresent jin jmilk.
Galactosemia j- jCongenital jmetabolic jdisorder jcausing jinability jof jthe jbody jto juse jthe jsimple jsugar
jgalactose, jcausing jaccumulation jof jgalactose j1-phosphate jin jthe jbody, jwhich jresults jin jdamage jto jthe
jliver, jcentral jnervous jsystem, jand jother jbody jsystems jwith jpermanent, jeven jfatal, joutcomes.
Gestational jDiabetes jMellitus j(GDM) j- jA jform jof jdiabetes jthat joccurs jin jpregnancy.
Goldsmith's jSign j- jThe jassociation jof ja jbaby's jpersistent jrefusal jof jone jbreast jwith jpossible jbreast
jcancer jin jthe jmother.
(CLC) STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
AAP - American Academy of Pediatrics
ABM - Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine
AGA - Appropriate for gestational age.
Alveoli - Small glands in the breast that produce breast milk.
Amenorrhea - The absence of menstruation.
Aysemmetric latch - Optimal attachment to the breast, where the babies lips are not centered in
relationship to the areola, but rather vertically off centered, with the babies chin and lower lip closer to
the edge of the areola and the babies upper lip.
Atopy - And allergy for which there is a genetic predisposition, such as asthma, eczema, or rhinitis.
(BFHI) Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative - The UNICEF baby friendly hospital initiative, an international
program recognizing hospitals and birth centers that implement the 10 steps to successful breastfeeding.
Bilirubin - The byproduct of the breakdown of the hemoglobin portion of red blood cells.
Bilirubin Encephalopathy - Damage to the brain and central nervous system related to
hyperbilirubinemia (Jaundice); Also known as "Kernicterus."
Milk Bleb - A firm, small, white spot near the nipple pore opening containing accumulated milk solids.
Also referred to as a milk blister.
Block Feeding - A pattern of feeding: used to deal with an over-abundant milk supply. In block feeding,
the mother offers the baby only one breast for one, two, or three feedings to generate mild local
pressure to slow down milk production. Then she offers the other breast for another block of time.
Blocked Duct - A condition in which milk from one part of the breast does not flow well and forms a
lump of solidified milk that blocks the milk duct.
Brachial Plexus Injury - Decreased movement or sensation in the arm caused by injury to the bundle of
nerves passing through the shoulder area. This may be caused during birth by pressure to the shoulder
area.
Bradycardia - Slow heart rate, less than 100 bpm in an infant.
Breast Abscess - An area in the breast that feels hot and painful and is full of fluid. Typically resulting
from unresolved mastitis.
,Breast Compression - A hands-on method used during nursing or pumping to increase the flow of milk.
The mother gently sneezes, or compresses gently, her breast. Typically used when milk flow stops or
slows, to increase milk flow again. Also called "alternate massage."
Breastmilk Jaundice - Jaundice occurring in the breast fed infant after 10-14 days of life. The cause of
breastmilk jaundice is unknown and the incident is less than 1%.
Brucellosis - Bacterial infection from contact with animals carrying the Brucella bacteria. Infection causes
an undulating fever that spikes in waves.
Candida - A family of parasitic fungi occurring especially in the mouth, vagina, and intestinal tract. They
are usually benign but can become pathogenic and include the caustive agent (candida albicans) of
thrush.
Caput Succedaneum - Swelling of the soft tissues of a newborn baby's scalp that develops as a baby
travels through the birth canal.
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cephalohematoma - A lump that rises on the head of a newborn with an hours of birth due to bleeding
beneath the bones of the skull.
Chorioamniotis - Inflammation of the fetal membrane due to infection.
Cleft Lip and/or Palate - A congenital birth defect causing a division or opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or split in the lip.
Cyanosis - A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes.
Colostrum - The first milk, produced in the breast by the seventh month of pregnancy. It is thick, sticky,
and clear to yellowish in color; is high in protein and vitamin A; causes a laxative effect, thus, helping the
baby to pass meconium stools. Immunoglobulins (mostly IgA) In colostrum provide an anti-infection
protection to the baby and their gut microbiome.
Contraindication - A condition or factor that makes something in advisable.
Craniofacial - Involving the head and skull.
Cooper's Ligaments - The triangular-shaped ligaments underlying the breasts.
Cytomegalovirus - A virus of the herpes family that is relatively harmless and adults but can cause severe
systemic infection in infants, particularly those born premature.
Dehydration Signs - Symptoms include, but are not limited to the following: Dry or sticky mouth, low or
no urine output, concentrated urine that appears dark yellow, non-production of tears, sunken eyes,
markedly sunken fontanelles in an infant, lethargic or coma (severe).
Diabetes Mellitus - A group of diseases in which the body has difficulty managing stable blood sugar.
Discordant Twins - Twin pairs with a marked difference in size at birth.
, Discrepancy Breasts - A condition in which a woman's breast are markedly different in size and/or shape.
This is associated with potential milk supply problems. Also called "asymmetric "breasts.
Down Syndrome - A congenital condition characterized by moderate to severe mental retardation
*[textbook definition]*. Also called trisomy 21.
Dyad - A group of two. In lactation terms, usually refers to a nursing mother and baby.
Duarte Galactosemia - A variant of galactosemia with generally milder complications.
EBF - Exclusively breastfed.
ELBW j(Acronym) j- jExtremely jlow jbirth jweight. jAn jinfant jwith ja jbirth jweight jless jthan j<1,000 jgrams
j(2.2 jpounds).
Failure jto jThrive j(FTT) j- jA jserious jcondition jin jwhich jbaby's jgrowth jis jinadequate jand jrequires
jmedical jevaluation.
Engorgement j- jSwelling jin jthe jbreast jthat jblocks jmilk jflow; jcaused jby jinadequate jor jinfrequent jmilk
jremoval jthe jbreast(s). jBreasts jwill jbe jhot jto jthe jtouch, jpainful jand jwill jlook jtight jand jshiny. jWith
jsevere jengorgement, jmilk jproduction jmay jstop. jWith jinadequate jdrainage, jclogs jand/or jmastitis jcan
joccur.
Everted jNipple j- jA jnipple jthat jturns joutward jwhen jstimulated.
Exclusive jBreastmilk jFeeding j(EBMF) j- jA jterm jused jby jThe jJoint jCommission j(2011) jto jdescribe jthose
jbabies jwho jare jreceiving jonly jhuman jmilk.
Feeding jCues j- jInfant jbehavior jthat jindicates jan jinterest jin jeating, jincluding jrapid jeye jmovement,
jmovement jof jhands jnear jthe jface jand jmouth j(sucking jhands jand jfingers), jrooting jand jseeking
jmotions j(turning jhead jside jto jside jwhile jgaping).
Flat jNipple j- jA jnipple jthat jeverts jin jresponse jto jstimulation jbut jis jotherwise jnot jprojected.
Foremilk j- jThe jmilk jthat jis jexpressed jfrom jthe jbreast jat jthe jbeginning jof ja jfeed.
Glactocele j- jA jmilk-filled jcyst jin jthe jbreast, jmost jlikely jcaused jby jan jobstructed jduct.
Glactogogue j- jFood jor jdrinks jgiven jto jthe jlactating jparent jthat jare jbelieved jto jincrease jmilk
jproduction.
Galactose j- jA jsimple jsugar jthat jis jportion jof jlactose; jthe jsugar jpresent jin jmilk.
Galactosemia j- jCongenital jmetabolic jdisorder jcausing jinability jof jthe jbody jto juse jthe jsimple jsugar
jgalactose, jcausing jaccumulation jof jgalactose j1-phosphate jin jthe jbody, jwhich jresults jin jdamage jto jthe
jliver, jcentral jnervous jsystem, jand jother jbody jsystems jwith jpermanent, jeven jfatal, joutcomes.
Gestational jDiabetes jMellitus j(GDM) j- jA jform jof jdiabetes jthat joccurs jin jpregnancy.
Goldsmith's jSign j- jThe jassociation jof ja jbaby's jpersistent jrefusal jof jone jbreast jwith jpossible jbreast
jcancer jin jthe jmother.
