NURS 323 Final Exam Review
DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes Patho - ANSWER Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells leading to decreased insulin
production.
DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes CM - ANSWER Polyuria: Increased urination
Polydipsia: Increased thirst
Polyphagia: Increased hunger
DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes Patho - ANSWER Initial overproduction of insulin to compensate for decreased
responsiveness of insulin receptors. Insulin resistnace.
DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes CM - ANSWER Hyperglycemia, Hyperosmolar, nonkeotic coma (HHNK). No or less
severe acidosis.
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
What is the role of Angiotensin 1 in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? - ANSWER
Converted to Angiotensin 2 by ACE in the lungs
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
What is the function of Angiotensin 2 in the body? - ANSWER Acts as a vasoconstrictor, leading to
increased blood pressure
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
How does Aldosterone secretion affect blood pressure? - ANSWER Increases sodium and water
retention, leading to increased blood pressure
,DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Atherosclerosis Patho - ANSWER Plaque buildup in blood vessels causing hardening. LDL is oxidized in
blood and eaten by WBC's.
Eaten LDL - Foam cells.
Foam cells - Fatty streak -
Fat in vessel - Instability + Necrosis
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Patho - ANSWER Lack of blood flow TO heart. Plaque with thin
fibrous cap over a large lipid core.
Due to vessel rupture or blockage.
Troponin (elevated = heart attack), CK-MB (heart specifc), BMP (key lab value for heart failure)
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina Patho - ANSWER Ischemic heart produced lactic acid= nerve stimulation = angina
Due to vasospams or ischemia
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina: Stable - ANSWER Chest pain induced by physical exertion, ceases with rest.
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina: Variant - ANSWER Happens at rest (variant = random = happening at random times)
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
MI + Angina CM - ANSWER Pain: Pressure, burning, heavy, squeezing. Radiation from jaw and down
to arm. Associated symptoms: Nausea, diaphoresis, weakness, pallor, lightheadness, dyspnea.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) - ANSWER Rapid atrial depolarization - only SOME transmission to ventricles.
Blood pooling = clot risk!
, DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib) - ANSWER Chaotic electric activity with NO contraction
SHOCK!!
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 1st Degree - ANSWER Long PR, impulses to ventricles EVERY TIME
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 2nd Degree Type 1 (Wenckebach) - ANSWER EVENTUAL QRS drop. Tends to be a
pattern.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 2nd Degree Type 2 - ANSWER INTERMITTENT/random QRS drop
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 3rd Degree - ANSWER NO transmission to ventricles
No QRS
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Stenosis - ANSWER Murmur- Resistance of flow. Valve narrows and then stiffens. .
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Valve Regurgitation - ANSWER Valve leaflets don't close all the way. Shunting blood backwards.
Chamber hypertrophy.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Inflammation - ANSWER Pericardial friction rub
Fluid buildup = compression of heart.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Respiratory Failure Patho - ANSWER Hypercapnic + Hypoxic
ABG's: pH: 7.35-7.45, CO2: 35-45, HCO3: 22-26.), cyanosis, EPO release.
DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes Patho - ANSWER Autoimmune destruction of Beta cells leading to decreased insulin
production.
DIABETES
Type 1 Diabetes CM - ANSWER Polyuria: Increased urination
Polydipsia: Increased thirst
Polyphagia: Increased hunger
DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes Patho - ANSWER Initial overproduction of insulin to compensate for decreased
responsiveness of insulin receptors. Insulin resistnace.
DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes CM - ANSWER Hyperglycemia, Hyperosmolar, nonkeotic coma (HHNK). No or less
severe acidosis.
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
What is the role of Angiotensin 1 in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)? - ANSWER
Converted to Angiotensin 2 by ACE in the lungs
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
What is the function of Angiotensin 2 in the body? - ANSWER Acts as a vasoconstrictor, leading to
increased blood pressure
DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Hypertension (RAAS)
How does Aldosterone secretion affect blood pressure? - ANSWER Increases sodium and water
retention, leading to increased blood pressure
,DISORDERS OF CIRCULATION
Atherosclerosis Patho - ANSWER Plaque buildup in blood vessels causing hardening. LDL is oxidized in
blood and eaten by WBC's.
Eaten LDL - Foam cells.
Foam cells - Fatty streak -
Fat in vessel - Instability + Necrosis
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) Patho - ANSWER Lack of blood flow TO heart. Plaque with thin
fibrous cap over a large lipid core.
Due to vessel rupture or blockage.
Troponin (elevated = heart attack), CK-MB (heart specifc), BMP (key lab value for heart failure)
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina Patho - ANSWER Ischemic heart produced lactic acid= nerve stimulation = angina
Due to vasospams or ischemia
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina: Stable - ANSWER Chest pain induced by physical exertion, ceases with rest.
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
Angina: Variant - ANSWER Happens at rest (variant = random = happening at random times)
CARDIAC ISCHEMIA/FAILURE
MI + Angina CM - ANSWER Pain: Pressure, burning, heavy, squeezing. Radiation from jaw and down
to arm. Associated symptoms: Nausea, diaphoresis, weakness, pallor, lightheadness, dyspnea.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) - ANSWER Rapid atrial depolarization - only SOME transmission to ventricles.
Blood pooling = clot risk!
, DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Ventricular Fibrillation (VFib) - ANSWER Chaotic electric activity with NO contraction
SHOCK!!
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 1st Degree - ANSWER Long PR, impulses to ventricles EVERY TIME
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 2nd Degree Type 1 (Wenckebach) - ANSWER EVENTUAL QRS drop. Tends to be a
pattern.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 2nd Degree Type 2 - ANSWER INTERMITTENT/random QRS drop
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC CONDUCTION
Heart Blocks: 3rd Degree - ANSWER NO transmission to ventricles
No QRS
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Stenosis - ANSWER Murmur- Resistance of flow. Valve narrows and then stiffens. .
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Valve Regurgitation - ANSWER Valve leaflets don't close all the way. Shunting blood backwards.
Chamber hypertrophy.
DISORDERS OF CARDIAC STRUCTURE
Inflammation - ANSWER Pericardial friction rub
Fluid buildup = compression of heart.
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Respiratory Failure Patho - ANSWER Hypercapnic + Hypoxic
ABG's: pH: 7.35-7.45, CO2: 35-45, HCO3: 22-26.), cyanosis, EPO release.
