KIN 411 Final Exam With
Complete Solution
What kind of information does the parietal association cortex integrate and
receive (4)? - ANSWER The parietal association cortex integrates:
Visual;
Somatosensory;
Vestibular and;
Auditory inputs.
True or false: the parietal association cortex sends output to the motor
association area - ANSWER True!
In the brain, which hemisphere is typically the non-dominant side? - ANSWER
The right side is normally the non-dominant side
The left side is normally the dominant side
Even if left handed
True or false: primary and association areas are represented bilaterally, and
perform specialized functional tasks - ANSWER True! The primary and
association areas are represented bilaterally and are asymmetrical,
performing functional specialization
What are some functions of the dominant hemisphere (5)? - ANSWER -
Language
,- **Skilled motor formulation (praxis)**
- Arithmetic: sequential and analytical calculating skills
- Musical ability: sequential and analytical skills in musicians
- Sense of direction: following a set of written directions in sequence
What are some functions of the non-dominant hemisphere (5)? - ANSWER -
Prosody: emotion conveyed by tone of voice
- **Visual spatial analysis & spatial attention**
- Arithmetic: ability to estimate quantity and to correctly line up columns of
numbers on a page
- Musical ability
- Sense of direction: finding one's way by overall sense of spatial awareness
What can occur if a lesion develops on the dominant hemisphere? - ANSWER
Apraxia
What causes apraxia?
What is apraxia? - ANSWER - Apraxia is caused by damage to motor
association areas, or parietal association cortex of dominant hemisphere.
- Apraxia is the inability to perform complex sequence of movements
- Presented more during skilled movements that require you to use your
environment (putting a key in a lock)
How can you test for apraxia? - ANSWER Have patients perform skilled
tasks, a sequence of tasks, or the integration of tools (e.g. combing hair,
eating with utensils, putting a key in a lock)
,True or false: Apraxic patients can still perform basic strength or simple
skilled movements - ANSWER True! If primary motor cortex is still intact,
they should be able to perform basic strength or simple skilled movements
What area of the brain are visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
attributed to? - ANSWER They are attributed to the parietal association
cortex and/or the frontal association areas on the non-dominant hemisphere
Damage to right parietal or frontal association cortex causes what sensory
problem? - ANSWER It causes an inability to attend to sensory information
on the contralateral side
True or false: contralateral neglect is relatively mild or undetectable when a
patient has a right hemisphere lesion - ANSWER False! Contralateral neglect
is relatively mild or undetectable when a patient has a LEFT hemisphere
lesion
If you were to acquire a lesion on the non-dominant side of your brain, what
would happen? - ANSWER You would lose the ability to attend to sensory
information on the left
What are the 4 types of hemi-neglect? - ANSWER 1. Sensory neglect
2. Motor intentional neglect
3. Combinations of motor and sensory neglect
4. Conceptual neglect
What is sensory neglect? - ANSWER Patients lose the ability to attend to
specific sensory information in the contralateral hemi-space (e.g. visual
neglect, auditory neglect, tactile neglect).
, What is motor intentional neglect? - ANSWER Tasks which require
prolonged attention will lead to "limb neglect" on the left side (caused by an
inability to stretch their attention to coordinate or maintain movements)
What does "extinction" mean in relation to hemi-spatial neglect? - ANSWER
When a stimulus is presented bilaterally, the patient will neglect the stimulus
on the side opposite to the lesion.
How might you test if a patient has hemi-spatial neglect? - ANSWER Double
simultaneous stimulation test
- Test motor and visual extinction
- Test for motor "extinction" of limb by testing each side individually, then
bilaterally.
- Test for visual extinction by drawing a clock or house (will only attend to
the left side and not the right)
Which side should extinction occur when performing a double simultaneous
stimulation test? - ANSWER Extinction should occur on the contralateral
side to the injury during a bilateral task
What would happen if a patient had hemi-spatial neglect and was told to
draw a clock (for a visual test)? - ANSWER They will only draw numbers on
the contralateral side, not left side
If a patient could only draw crosses on the right side of the board, where
might their lesion be? What kind of neglect might they have? - ANSWER
Their lesion would be on the right side (left neglect).
Complete Solution
What kind of information does the parietal association cortex integrate and
receive (4)? - ANSWER The parietal association cortex integrates:
Visual;
Somatosensory;
Vestibular and;
Auditory inputs.
True or false: the parietal association cortex sends output to the motor
association area - ANSWER True!
In the brain, which hemisphere is typically the non-dominant side? - ANSWER
The right side is normally the non-dominant side
The left side is normally the dominant side
Even if left handed
True or false: primary and association areas are represented bilaterally, and
perform specialized functional tasks - ANSWER True! The primary and
association areas are represented bilaterally and are asymmetrical,
performing functional specialization
What are some functions of the dominant hemisphere (5)? - ANSWER -
Language
,- **Skilled motor formulation (praxis)**
- Arithmetic: sequential and analytical calculating skills
- Musical ability: sequential and analytical skills in musicians
- Sense of direction: following a set of written directions in sequence
What are some functions of the non-dominant hemisphere (5)? - ANSWER -
Prosody: emotion conveyed by tone of voice
- **Visual spatial analysis & spatial attention**
- Arithmetic: ability to estimate quantity and to correctly line up columns of
numbers on a page
- Musical ability
- Sense of direction: finding one's way by overall sense of spatial awareness
What can occur if a lesion develops on the dominant hemisphere? - ANSWER
Apraxia
What causes apraxia?
What is apraxia? - ANSWER - Apraxia is caused by damage to motor
association areas, or parietal association cortex of dominant hemisphere.
- Apraxia is the inability to perform complex sequence of movements
- Presented more during skilled movements that require you to use your
environment (putting a key in a lock)
How can you test for apraxia? - ANSWER Have patients perform skilled
tasks, a sequence of tasks, or the integration of tools (e.g. combing hair,
eating with utensils, putting a key in a lock)
,True or false: Apraxic patients can still perform basic strength or simple
skilled movements - ANSWER True! If primary motor cortex is still intact,
they should be able to perform basic strength or simple skilled movements
What area of the brain are visual-spatial analysis and spatial attention
attributed to? - ANSWER They are attributed to the parietal association
cortex and/or the frontal association areas on the non-dominant hemisphere
Damage to right parietal or frontal association cortex causes what sensory
problem? - ANSWER It causes an inability to attend to sensory information
on the contralateral side
True or false: contralateral neglect is relatively mild or undetectable when a
patient has a right hemisphere lesion - ANSWER False! Contralateral neglect
is relatively mild or undetectable when a patient has a LEFT hemisphere
lesion
If you were to acquire a lesion on the non-dominant side of your brain, what
would happen? - ANSWER You would lose the ability to attend to sensory
information on the left
What are the 4 types of hemi-neglect? - ANSWER 1. Sensory neglect
2. Motor intentional neglect
3. Combinations of motor and sensory neglect
4. Conceptual neglect
What is sensory neglect? - ANSWER Patients lose the ability to attend to
specific sensory information in the contralateral hemi-space (e.g. visual
neglect, auditory neglect, tactile neglect).
, What is motor intentional neglect? - ANSWER Tasks which require
prolonged attention will lead to "limb neglect" on the left side (caused by an
inability to stretch their attention to coordinate or maintain movements)
What does "extinction" mean in relation to hemi-spatial neglect? - ANSWER
When a stimulus is presented bilaterally, the patient will neglect the stimulus
on the side opposite to the lesion.
How might you test if a patient has hemi-spatial neglect? - ANSWER Double
simultaneous stimulation test
- Test motor and visual extinction
- Test for motor "extinction" of limb by testing each side individually, then
bilaterally.
- Test for visual extinction by drawing a clock or house (will only attend to
the left side and not the right)
Which side should extinction occur when performing a double simultaneous
stimulation test? - ANSWER Extinction should occur on the contralateral
side to the injury during a bilateral task
What would happen if a patient had hemi-spatial neglect and was told to
draw a clock (for a visual test)? - ANSWER They will only draw numbers on
the contralateral side, not left side
If a patient could only draw crosses on the right side of the board, where
might their lesion be? What kind of neglect might they have? - ANSWER
Their lesion would be on the right side (left neglect).
