EEB 2244 Exam 2 With Complete
Solution
asexual reproduction advantages - Answer 1. offspring assured
2. locally adapted to parent's environment
asexual reproduction - Answer results in genetically identical clones
sexual reproduction - Answer gametes are produced by meiosis; male and female
haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote; mixes the genetic material of two
individuals
disadvantages of sexual reproduction - Answer only half the genes passed on; sex
organs are costly; mating can be risky
the "cost of meiosis" - Answer only half the genes passed on
advantage of sexual reproduction - Answer evolutionary potential to respond to
environmental change
forms of sexual reproduction - Answer separate males and females, male and female
organs on the same individual, simultaneous vs. sequential sex expression
dioecious - Answer separate males and females in plants
monoecious - Answer male and female organs on the same individual in plants
hermaphroditic - Answer male and female organs on the same individual in animals
protogynous - Answer female, then male
protandrous - Answer male, then female
advantage of having separate sexes - Answer avoid costs of performing both sides
disadvantage of having separate sexes - Answer reproductive failure
monoecy/hermaphrodism - Answer occurs where fixed costs of producing both males
and females overcomes costs of reproductive failure
indigo hamlet - Answer simultaneous hermaphrodite: rapidly changes between being
functionally male and female
wrasse - Answer sequential hermaphroditism depending on the environment: female
harem, switch when dominant male lost
, mating system - Answer pattern of mating between males and females
monogamy - Answer 1 partner per breeding season
polygamy - Answer more than 1 partner per breeding season
polygyny - Answer individual MALES mate with more than 1 female
polyandry - Answer individual FEMALES mate with more than 1 male
promiscuity - Answer both males and females mate with multiple partners
how does parental investment affect mating systems? - Answer the sex that makes the
largest investment will be more discriminating
unequal parental effort leads to: - Answer 1. strong sexual selection
2. sexual dimorphism
3. polygamy
equal parental effort leads to: - Answer 1. weak sexual selection
2. sexual monomorphism
3. monogamy
criteria for pologyny (red-winged blackbirds) - Answer 1. males arrive first and establish
territories
2. territories differ in quality for raising young
3. first females mate with best males
4. late females decide between monogamous males on bad habitats and polygyny.
polygyny threshold - Answer territory quality at which polygynous and monogamous
females have equal reproductive output
sexual selection - Answer individuals that mate more have more offspring, higher fitness
behavior - Answer way an organism acts or responds to others or to signals
social behavior - Answer within species; ranges from antagonism to cooperation;
genetically determined with varying levels of decision making
territory - Answer area defined against intraspecific intrusion; costs of defense less
than benefits of exclusion resources
dominance hierarchy - Answer organizes within group access to resources
groups - Answer purposeful joining of individuals; increase the chances of surviving,
Solution
asexual reproduction advantages - Answer 1. offspring assured
2. locally adapted to parent's environment
asexual reproduction - Answer results in genetically identical clones
sexual reproduction - Answer gametes are produced by meiosis; male and female
haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote; mixes the genetic material of two
individuals
disadvantages of sexual reproduction - Answer only half the genes passed on; sex
organs are costly; mating can be risky
the "cost of meiosis" - Answer only half the genes passed on
advantage of sexual reproduction - Answer evolutionary potential to respond to
environmental change
forms of sexual reproduction - Answer separate males and females, male and female
organs on the same individual, simultaneous vs. sequential sex expression
dioecious - Answer separate males and females in plants
monoecious - Answer male and female organs on the same individual in plants
hermaphroditic - Answer male and female organs on the same individual in animals
protogynous - Answer female, then male
protandrous - Answer male, then female
advantage of having separate sexes - Answer avoid costs of performing both sides
disadvantage of having separate sexes - Answer reproductive failure
monoecy/hermaphrodism - Answer occurs where fixed costs of producing both males
and females overcomes costs of reproductive failure
indigo hamlet - Answer simultaneous hermaphrodite: rapidly changes between being
functionally male and female
wrasse - Answer sequential hermaphroditism depending on the environment: female
harem, switch when dominant male lost
, mating system - Answer pattern of mating between males and females
monogamy - Answer 1 partner per breeding season
polygamy - Answer more than 1 partner per breeding season
polygyny - Answer individual MALES mate with more than 1 female
polyandry - Answer individual FEMALES mate with more than 1 male
promiscuity - Answer both males and females mate with multiple partners
how does parental investment affect mating systems? - Answer the sex that makes the
largest investment will be more discriminating
unequal parental effort leads to: - Answer 1. strong sexual selection
2. sexual dimorphism
3. polygamy
equal parental effort leads to: - Answer 1. weak sexual selection
2. sexual monomorphism
3. monogamy
criteria for pologyny (red-winged blackbirds) - Answer 1. males arrive first and establish
territories
2. territories differ in quality for raising young
3. first females mate with best males
4. late females decide between monogamous males on bad habitats and polygyny.
polygyny threshold - Answer territory quality at which polygynous and monogamous
females have equal reproductive output
sexual selection - Answer individuals that mate more have more offspring, higher fitness
behavior - Answer way an organism acts or responds to others or to signals
social behavior - Answer within species; ranges from antagonism to cooperation;
genetically determined with varying levels of decision making
territory - Answer area defined against intraspecific intrusion; costs of defense less
than benefits of exclusion resources
dominance hierarchy - Answer organizes within group access to resources
groups - Answer purposeful joining of individuals; increase the chances of surviving,
