Test Bank For Evolutionary Analysis 5th Edition By Jon C.
Herron; Scott Freeman
What is evidence of microevolution? - ANSWER: -selective breeding (picking
particular individuals with a desirable trait to reproduce...remember those running
mice?)
-direct observation of natural populations (mustard seeds that survived the drought)
vestigial structure - ANSWER: -a useless or rudimentary version of a body part that
has an important function in other, closely allied species (this just doesn't make
sense with "special creation"). organisms with these structures descended from
ancestors where the structure was fully formed and functional (think tailbones,
goosebumps, disabled enzymes)
species - ANSWER: populations, or groups of populations, within and among which
individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which they do not
interbreed
-speciation is a gradual process ending when two distinct species cannot reproduce.
One way speciation can happen is when mutant strains appear in populations.
ring species - ANSWER: populations that can interbreed with neighboring
populations but not with populations separated by larger geographical distances. In
the book, this is evident as a population actually moves in a geographic circle.
fossil - ANSWER: any trace of an organism that lived in the past
fossil record - ANSWER: a worldwide collection of fossils
macroevolution - ANSWER: ok so this is just like microevolution, but the idea is that
BIG changes happen rapidly.
the law of succession - ANSWER: the general pattern of correspondence between
fossil and living forms of the from the same locale.
-Basically, extinct species resemble contemporary species found in the same location
transitional forms - ANSWER: species with a mix of features , old and new.
-think of those jumping blennies (terrestrial fish), or the archaeopteryx (dino-bird)
-it is transitional because it shows some but not all the novel traits of an organism
Between fact, law, theory, hypothesis, which is most explanatory? - ANSWER:
theory! Because while laws and facts just say what we observe, the theory can help
explain what happens and maybe why.
, Hypothesis 1. (special creation) - ANSWER: this hypothesis suggests that species have
had no change since the beginning of time, "6000 years ago." Nothing goes extinct.
Hypothesis 2. - ANSWER: this hypothesis says that everything was created separately
in the beginning, but some species have changed over time through microevolution.
However, no species go extinct here either. It is better than hypothesis because it
allows for change over time, allows for vestigial structures, explains some "junk"
DNA, etc.
Hypothesis 3 - ANSWER: this hypothesis says that in the beginning, a couple of
species were created (like animals and plants), which then branched into a variation
of species we see today. This theory helps explain microevolution in hypothesis 2,
but suggests that speciation can, in fact, occur as well as
microevolution/macroevolution.
supports homology, vestigial structures
hypothesis 4. - ANSWER: this is really the best hypothesis, which suggests that
evolution and speciation can occur, but also connects all living species to a common
ancestor. This is supported by the common system of genetic material in all life.
Evidence of common ancestry - ANSWER: homology!
homology - ANSWER: the study of likeness. Fundamental similarities underlie the
obvious physical differences among species. Like the same organ can exist in
different animals under every variety of form and function. These "nested' traits can
help us determine the order of the species ho came first.
molecular homology - ANSWER: shared genetic flaws (like copied wrong ancestors)
Processed Pseudogenes - ANSWER: nonfunctional copies of normal genes that
originate when processed mRNAs are accidentally reverse transcribed to DNA then
inserted back into the genomes in a new place. They lack introns and promoters
Exons and introns - ANSWER: exons are little coding bits of DNA, introns are little
noncoding bits of DNA
retrotransposons - ANSWER: retroviruses, they are like gene genetic elements that
jump from place to place in the genome via transcription to RNA, reverse
transcription to DNA, and insertion at a new site
How can we age processed pseudogenes from their mother gene? - ANSWER:
processed pseudogenes lack introns and promoters, which means that they can
accumulate lots of mutations in "junk" sections of coding (its not used, so it doesn't
get fixed). The older the processed pseudogene, the more mutations it has had time
to accumulate since its divergence from the mother gene. Since pseudogenes are
passed, we should see them nested in lineages.
Herron; Scott Freeman
What is evidence of microevolution? - ANSWER: -selective breeding (picking
particular individuals with a desirable trait to reproduce...remember those running
mice?)
-direct observation of natural populations (mustard seeds that survived the drought)
vestigial structure - ANSWER: -a useless or rudimentary version of a body part that
has an important function in other, closely allied species (this just doesn't make
sense with "special creation"). organisms with these structures descended from
ancestors where the structure was fully formed and functional (think tailbones,
goosebumps, disabled enzymes)
species - ANSWER: populations, or groups of populations, within and among which
individuals actually or potentially interbreed and outside of which they do not
interbreed
-speciation is a gradual process ending when two distinct species cannot reproduce.
One way speciation can happen is when mutant strains appear in populations.
ring species - ANSWER: populations that can interbreed with neighboring
populations but not with populations separated by larger geographical distances. In
the book, this is evident as a population actually moves in a geographic circle.
fossil - ANSWER: any trace of an organism that lived in the past
fossil record - ANSWER: a worldwide collection of fossils
macroevolution - ANSWER: ok so this is just like microevolution, but the idea is that
BIG changes happen rapidly.
the law of succession - ANSWER: the general pattern of correspondence between
fossil and living forms of the from the same locale.
-Basically, extinct species resemble contemporary species found in the same location
transitional forms - ANSWER: species with a mix of features , old and new.
-think of those jumping blennies (terrestrial fish), or the archaeopteryx (dino-bird)
-it is transitional because it shows some but not all the novel traits of an organism
Between fact, law, theory, hypothesis, which is most explanatory? - ANSWER:
theory! Because while laws and facts just say what we observe, the theory can help
explain what happens and maybe why.
, Hypothesis 1. (special creation) - ANSWER: this hypothesis suggests that species have
had no change since the beginning of time, "6000 years ago." Nothing goes extinct.
Hypothesis 2. - ANSWER: this hypothesis says that everything was created separately
in the beginning, but some species have changed over time through microevolution.
However, no species go extinct here either. It is better than hypothesis because it
allows for change over time, allows for vestigial structures, explains some "junk"
DNA, etc.
Hypothesis 3 - ANSWER: this hypothesis says that in the beginning, a couple of
species were created (like animals and plants), which then branched into a variation
of species we see today. This theory helps explain microevolution in hypothesis 2,
but suggests that speciation can, in fact, occur as well as
microevolution/macroevolution.
supports homology, vestigial structures
hypothesis 4. - ANSWER: this is really the best hypothesis, which suggests that
evolution and speciation can occur, but also connects all living species to a common
ancestor. This is supported by the common system of genetic material in all life.
Evidence of common ancestry - ANSWER: homology!
homology - ANSWER: the study of likeness. Fundamental similarities underlie the
obvious physical differences among species. Like the same organ can exist in
different animals under every variety of form and function. These "nested' traits can
help us determine the order of the species ho came first.
molecular homology - ANSWER: shared genetic flaws (like copied wrong ancestors)
Processed Pseudogenes - ANSWER: nonfunctional copies of normal genes that
originate when processed mRNAs are accidentally reverse transcribed to DNA then
inserted back into the genomes in a new place. They lack introns and promoters
Exons and introns - ANSWER: exons are little coding bits of DNA, introns are little
noncoding bits of DNA
retrotransposons - ANSWER: retroviruses, they are like gene genetic elements that
jump from place to place in the genome via transcription to RNA, reverse
transcription to DNA, and insertion at a new site
How can we age processed pseudogenes from their mother gene? - ANSWER:
processed pseudogenes lack introns and promoters, which means that they can
accumulate lots of mutations in "junk" sections of coding (its not used, so it doesn't
get fixed). The older the processed pseudogene, the more mutations it has had time
to accumulate since its divergence from the mother gene. Since pseudogenes are
passed, we should see them nested in lineages.
