NURS 3309 PATHO Final Exam
With Complete Solution
Cardiac Cycle - ANSWER one contraction and on relaxation phase
Systole - ANSWER Contraction phase
- moves blood out of ventricles
Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation phase
- blood fills ventricles
Fill in the blank:
The heart is a _____-flowing pump. - ANSWER forward
Cardiac Cells (Myocardial Cells) - ANSWER Automaticity - certain cells
(Pacemaker Cells) are able to generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
Rhythmicity- ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-100bpm)
Conductivity- ability to rapidly transmits electrical impulses from one cell to
another (intercalated disks)
- high number of mitochondria (ATP source)
- access ions form environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction Sequence - ANSWER Sa Node --> AV node --> bundle of
His --> Rt and Lt bundle branches --> purkinje fibers
How does the autonomic nervous system control heart rate? - ANSWER
,affects...
- rate of impulse (HR)
- depolarization and repolarization
- strength of contraction
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart? - ANSWER -
increased Ca+ influx
- increases rate/strength of contraction (norepinephrine)
- dilate coronary arteries
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate? - ANSWER
decreases rate/strength of contraction (acetylcholine)
Cardiac Output - ANSWER HR x SV
- amount of blood heart pumps out in a minute
Slower heart rate means... - ANSWER greater filling time
Faster heart rate means... - ANSWER slower filling time
Stroke Volume - ANSWER The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
contraction.
- preload
- contractility
- afterload
Preload - ANSWER volume (pressure) in ventricles just before systole
Contractility - ANSWER force of contraction (Frank Starling Law)
,Frank-Starling law: effect on cardiac output - ANSWER volume of blood at
the end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction at the next
systole
- preload will effect SV and CO
Afterload - ANSWER resistance from aorta and left ventricle must overcome
to get blood to rest of the body
- diameter of the vessel's lumen
Arteries - ANSWER - thick walls
- pulsatile tissue: elastic, fibrous connective tissue smooth
- take blood away from the heart
Veins - ANSWER - thin walls
- larger diameter
- contain valves
- tissue: more fibrous connective tissue
- take deoxygenated blood back to heart
Capillaries - ANSWER Smallest blood vessels
- layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane, some have
fenestrations
- allow diffusion of substances from circulatory system into the tissues
, Endothelium - ANSWER the lining of blood vessels
Function:
- substance transport to cells
- coagulation
- antithrombogenic
- fibrinolysis
- immune system
- tissue and vessel growth and wound healing
- 'vasomotion' (dilation/contraction of blood vessel) >> affects AFTERLOAD
and tissue perfusion
How does the RAAS system affect BP? - ANSWER increase BP in response to a
drop in BP (reduced blood volume)
- angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor
- aldosterone inc. sodium retention
- renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
RAAS system - ANSWER decreased perfusion to kidneys releasing renin
converts to angiotensin I to angiotensin II which vasoconstrict & increase
With Complete Solution
Cardiac Cycle - ANSWER one contraction and on relaxation phase
Systole - ANSWER Contraction phase
- moves blood out of ventricles
Diastole - ANSWER Relaxation phase
- blood fills ventricles
Fill in the blank:
The heart is a _____-flowing pump. - ANSWER forward
Cardiac Cells (Myocardial Cells) - ANSWER Automaticity - certain cells
(Pacemaker Cells) are able to generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
Rhythmicity- ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-100bpm)
Conductivity- ability to rapidly transmits electrical impulses from one cell to
another (intercalated disks)
- high number of mitochondria (ATP source)
- access ions form environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction Sequence - ANSWER Sa Node --> AV node --> bundle of
His --> Rt and Lt bundle branches --> purkinje fibers
How does the autonomic nervous system control heart rate? - ANSWER
,affects...
- rate of impulse (HR)
- depolarization and repolarization
- strength of contraction
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart? - ANSWER -
increased Ca+ influx
- increases rate/strength of contraction (norepinephrine)
- dilate coronary arteries
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate? - ANSWER
decreases rate/strength of contraction (acetylcholine)
Cardiac Output - ANSWER HR x SV
- amount of blood heart pumps out in a minute
Slower heart rate means... - ANSWER greater filling time
Faster heart rate means... - ANSWER slower filling time
Stroke Volume - ANSWER The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one
contraction.
- preload
- contractility
- afterload
Preload - ANSWER volume (pressure) in ventricles just before systole
Contractility - ANSWER force of contraction (Frank Starling Law)
,Frank-Starling law: effect on cardiac output - ANSWER volume of blood at
the end of diastole is directly related to the force of contraction at the next
systole
- preload will effect SV and CO
Afterload - ANSWER resistance from aorta and left ventricle must overcome
to get blood to rest of the body
- diameter of the vessel's lumen
Arteries - ANSWER - thick walls
- pulsatile tissue: elastic, fibrous connective tissue smooth
- take blood away from the heart
Veins - ANSWER - thin walls
- larger diameter
- contain valves
- tissue: more fibrous connective tissue
- take deoxygenated blood back to heart
Capillaries - ANSWER Smallest blood vessels
- layer of endothelial cells surrounded by basement membrane, some have
fenestrations
- allow diffusion of substances from circulatory system into the tissues
, Endothelium - ANSWER the lining of blood vessels
Function:
- substance transport to cells
- coagulation
- antithrombogenic
- fibrinolysis
- immune system
- tissue and vessel growth and wound healing
- 'vasomotion' (dilation/contraction of blood vessel) >> affects AFTERLOAD
and tissue perfusion
How does the RAAS system affect BP? - ANSWER increase BP in response to a
drop in BP (reduced blood volume)
- angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor
- aldosterone inc. sodium retention
- renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
RAAS system - ANSWER decreased perfusion to kidneys releasing renin
converts to angiotensin I to angiotensin II which vasoconstrict & increase
