NURS 611 PATHO EXAM 1, WITH QUESTIONS AND
VERIFIED ANSWERS. GRADED A+. 2024 LATEST
UPDATE.
NEW!!! NEW!!!
Where can ribosomes be found? - Ans✔✔-cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Ans✔✔-provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Ans✔✔-a network of flatten, smooth membranes
and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Ans✔✔-takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles,
and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Ans✔✔-maintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal transduction,
and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Ans✔✔-leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Ans✔✔-nutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Ans✔✔-cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and
energy production
,What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Ans✔✔-enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2),
and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Ans✔✔-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
Ans✔✔-carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - Ans✔✔-any form of radiation capable of removing orbital
electrons from atoms.
What does ionizing radiation result in? - Ans✔✔-the production of negatively charge free
elections and positively charged ionized atoms
What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - Ans✔✔-x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta particles,
subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
What is the main mechanism of damage to DNA by the ionizing radiation? - Ans✔✔-from
generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free radicals by radiolysis of water
IT HURTS THE DNA THE MOST
What happens with physiologic processes with aging? - Ans✔✔-every physiologic process
can be shown to function less effeciently
What is sarcopenia? - Ans✔✔-muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle loss
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
What happens when "stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems occur with aging? - Ans✔✔-1-
peripheral vascular resistance increases (HTN)
, 2- decreased production of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and delayed stomach emptying
(decrease in appetite)
3- decreased immune response to T-dependent antigens
What happens with fluid and electrolytes with aging? - Ans✔✔-1- total body potassium
concentration decreases because of decreased cellular mass
2- the decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
leading to an increased sodium/potassium ratio
What is an aneuploid cell? - Ans✔✔-those that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
What makes a trisomic cell? - Ans✔✔-an aneuploid cell containing three copies of one
chromosome (Trisomy 21, 18)
What is physiologic atrophy? - Ans✔✔-occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Ans✔✔-occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation.
and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - Ans✔✔-increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Ans✔✔-hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - Ans✔✔-cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - Ans✔✔-increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - Ans✔✔-regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - Ans✔✔-endometrial tissue
VERIFIED ANSWERS. GRADED A+. 2024 LATEST
UPDATE.
NEW!!! NEW!!!
Where can ribosomes be found? - Ans✔✔-cytoplasm and rough ER
what are ribosomes chief function? - Ans✔✔-provides sits for cellular protein synthesis
What is the Golgi apparatus (complex)? - Ans✔✔-a network of flatten, smooth membranes
and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell
What does the Golgi apparatus do? - Ans✔✔-takes proteins from the ER and
processes/packages them into small membrane-bound vesicles called "secretory vesicles,
and refines and directs traffic in the cell
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - Ans✔✔-maintain cellular health by removal of
toxic cellular components, removal of useless organelles, termination of signal transduction,
and signals cellular adaption
How does aging affect lysosomes? - Ans✔✔-leads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
What functions do lysosomal components integrate? - Ans✔✔-nutrient abundance, energy
levels, and cell stressors and will translate them into instructions that regulate cellular
metabolism toward either proliferation or inactivity
What is mitochondria responsible for? - Ans✔✔-cellular respiration, cellular metabolism , and
energy production
,What does the inner membrane of mitochondria contain? - Ans✔✔-enzymes of the
respiratory chain and are essential to the process of oxidative phosphorylation that
generates most of the cell's ATP
The mitochondrial matrix contains what kind of pathways (1), involve what two things (2),
and metabolizes what three things (3)? - Ans✔✔-1- metabolic
2- urea and heme synthesis
3- carbs, proteins, and lipids
What can accumulate intracellularly caused by stresses form metabolic dearangements? -
Ans✔✔-carbs, proteins, and lipids
What is ionizing radiation (IR)? - Ans✔✔-any form of radiation capable of removing orbital
electrons from atoms.
What does ionizing radiation result in? - Ans✔✔-the production of negatively charge free
elections and positively charged ionized atoms
What is ionizing radiation emitted from? - Ans✔✔-x-rays, y-rays, alpha and beta particles,
subatomic particles such as neutrons, deuterons, protons, and pions
WEAR A LEAD APRON
What is the main mechanism of damage to DNA by the ionizing radiation? - Ans✔✔-from
generation of reactive oxygen species from reactions with free radicals by radiolysis of water
IT HURTS THE DNA THE MOST
What happens with physiologic processes with aging? - Ans✔✔-every physiologic process
can be shown to function less effeciently
What is sarcopenia? - Ans✔✔-muscular atrophy: degenerative skeletal muscle loss
how fast it happens depends on nature/nurture
What happens when "stiffness" or "rigidity" of systems occur with aging? - Ans✔✔-1-
peripheral vascular resistance increases (HTN)
, 2- decreased production of hydrochloric acid (HCL) and delayed stomach emptying
(decrease in appetite)
3- decreased immune response to T-dependent antigens
What happens with fluid and electrolytes with aging? - Ans✔✔-1- total body potassium
concentration decreases because of decreased cellular mass
2- the decreased cellular mass is accompanied by an increased extracellular compartment
leading to an increased sodium/potassium ratio
What is an aneuploid cell? - Ans✔✔-those that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
What makes a trisomic cell? - Ans✔✔-an aneuploid cell containing three copies of one
chromosome (Trisomy 21, 18)
What is physiologic atrophy? - Ans✔✔-occurs in early development. ex: thymus glad during
childhood
What is pathologic atrophy? - Ans✔✔-occurs as a result of decreases in workload, use,
pressure, blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal stimulation.
Ex: Shrinking of gonads in an adolescent pt in response to decreased hormonal stimulation.
and an pt immobilized in bed for a prolonged time
what is hypertrophy? - Ans✔✔-increase in cell size
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - Ans✔✔-hypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
example of pathologic hypertrophy - Ans✔✔-cardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
What is hyperplasia? - Ans✔✔-increase in the number of cells
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - Ans✔✔-regeneration of the liver
example of pathological hyperplasia - Ans✔✔-endometrial tissue
