,5 essential components of pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Etiology
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS-etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-the new number of cases in
a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - CORRECT
ANSWERS-1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
, 2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - CORRECT ANSWERS-2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - CORRECT ANSWERS-36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - CORRECT ANSWERS-obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - CORRECT ANSWERS-normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and
most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium
freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP
production - CORRECT ANSWERS-glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased,
intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS-unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
why are free radicals bad? - CORRECT ANSWERS-they bind to the phospholipid
bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
what are reactive oxygen species? - CORRECT ANSWERS-highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important - CORRECT ANSWERS-protect cells from free radicals
and ROS
2. Epidemiology
3. Pathogenesis
4. Clinical Manifestations
5. Outcomes
other terms for "unknown" etiology of disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-idiopathic and
cryptogenic
define iatrogenic - CORRECT ANSWERS-etiology of disease as a result of
surgical/medical intervention
define incidence of epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-the new number of cases in
a given population in a specific time period
define prevalence of epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWERS-number of cases, both old
and new, during a specific time period
what are the four common mechanisms of cell injury and death - CORRECT
ANSWERS-1. ATP Depletion
2. Oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals
3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium state
4. defects in membrane permeability
what is the most common stressor of disease - CORRECT ANSWERS-ATP deletion
what are the two phases of ATP production? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Anaerobic
(glycolysis)
, 2. Aerobic (oxidative phosphorylation)
how many ATP does glycolysis yield? - CORRECT ANSWERS-2
How many ATP does oxidative phosphorylation yield? - CORRECT ANSWERS-36
in ATP depletion, what are the four critical points where ATP production may be
impaired? - CORRECT ANSWERS-1. Hypoxia
2.
ischemia - CORRECT ANSWERS-reduced blood flow
Explain hypoxia in terms of ATP depletion - CORRECT ANSWERS-obstruction -->
ischemia --> decreased ATP production --> a) sodium/potassium ion pump fails, and b)
increased anaerobic glycolysis
explain what happens when the Na-K-ATPase pump fails due to decreased ATP
production - CORRECT ANSWERS-normally, most sodium ions are outside the cell and
most potassium ions are inside the cell
when the pump fails, sodium freely enters the cell with H2O and calcium, and potassium
freely exits the cell
as a result, the cell swells and and protein synthesis stops
where does protein synthesis occur in a cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS-Rough ER with
ribosomes on the surface
explain what happens where there is an increase in glycolysis due to decreased ATP
production - CORRECT ANSWERS-glycogen is decreased, lactate is increased,
intracellular pH is decreased
decreased pH results in pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis
define free radicals - CORRECT ANSWERS-unstable compounds with an unpaired
electron
why are free radicals bad? - CORRECT ANSWERS-they bind to the phospholipid
bilayer of a cell and drill holes in its membrane
what are reactive oxygen species? - CORRECT ANSWERS-highly reactive forms of
oxygen typically from the mitochondria
why are antioxidants important - CORRECT ANSWERS-protect cells from free radicals
and ROS
