MDC 2 EXAM 1 Study Guide Questions with
100% Verified Correct Answers
Benign cells - Correct Answer Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - Correct Answer o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - Correct Answer healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - Correct Answer o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - Correct Answer indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and
result in death
Malignant cell features - Correct Answer o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
,o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - Correct Answer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - Correct Answer o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - Correct Answer Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - Correct Answer Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - Correct Answer Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - Correct Answer Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - Correct Answer cancer development
Cancer classification - Correct Answer o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
,o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - Correct Answer Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - Correct Answer Number of chromosomes
Staging - Correct Answer How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - Correct Answer o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - Correct Answer Period of time required for that quantity to double
in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - Correct Answer o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - Correct Answer o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - Correct Answer People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
, o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - Correct Answer carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - Correct Answer pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - Correct Answer white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o Bronchoscopy
100% Verified Correct Answers
Benign cells - Correct Answer Normal cells growing in the wrong place or at the wrong time
Benign Cell Features - Correct Answer o Harmless
o Do not usually require intervention
o Slow growing
o Tight Adherence
o Specific morphology
o Small nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
o Specific differentiated functions
o Tight adherence
o Orderly growth
o No migration
o Normal chromosomes
Benign cell looks similar to a - Correct Answer healthy cell
Examples of Benign cells - Correct Answer o Skin Tag
o Mole
o Nasal Polyp
o Uterine Fibroids
o Endometriosis
Malignant cells - Correct Answer indicates cancer and can be harmful to normal body tissues and
result in death
Malignant cell features - Correct Answer o Large nucleus
o Migration
o Doesn't stop and replicates (No contact inhibition)
o Loose adherence
,o Rapid or continuous cell division
o Loss of cellular regulation
o Abnormal chromosomes (< or > 23)
Seven warning signs of cancer - Correct Answer o C-Change in bowel or bladder patterns
o A-A sore that doesn't heal
o U-Unusual bleeding or d/c
o. T-Thickening or lump on breast or elsewhere
o I-Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
o O-Obvious change in wart or mole
o N-Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer development stages of malignancy - Correct Answer o Initiation
o Promotion
o Progression
o Metastasis
Initiation (Stage of malignancy) - Correct Answer Normal cells are damaged and irreversible
Promotion - Correct Answer Repeated exposure>Enhances growth of malignant cells
Progression - Correct Answer Increase in production of malignant cells
Metastasis - Correct Answer Cells move from primary site to the rest of the body
Carcinogenesis/oncogenesis - Correct Answer cancer development
Cancer classification - Correct Answer o Grading
o Ploidy
o Staging
o TNM
,o Doubling time and mitotic index
Grading - Correct Answer Looking under microscope and determine level/degree of mutation of
cancer cell from normal cells
o Ex. 1= No mutation
o 4= Severe mutation
Ploidy - Correct Answer Number of chromosomes
Staging - Correct Answer How large is the primary tumor and how far has it spread
TNM - Correct Answer o T-Tumor (How large is primary or 2nd)
o N- Node (Are regional lymph nodes invaded by cancer cell)
o M-Metastasis (0=None, 1=There is metastasis)
Doubling time and mitotic index - Correct Answer Period of time required for that quantity to double
in size (Tells how aggressive cancer grows)
o Stage 1=Localized
o Stage 4= Spread across the body
Cancer prevention primary - Correct Answer o Sunscreen
o Avoid smoking
o Removal of "at risk" tissue (mole)
o Chemoprevention
o Vaccine (HPV)
Cancer prevention secondary - Correct Answer o Mammogram
o Pap smear
o Prostate test
Cancer prevention tertiary - Correct Answer People who are already affected and getting treatment
(examples below)
, o Chemo
o Radiation
o Surgery, etc.
Types of cancers - Correct Answer carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, blastoma
Carcinoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of glandular (lining) tissues
Sarcoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of connective (bone) tissues
Melanoma - Correct Answer pigment producing skin cancer
Lymphoma - Correct Answer malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue
Leukemia - Correct Answer white blood cell tumor
Blastoma - Correct Answer malignant tumors of less differentiated, embryonal tissue
Lab Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CBC
o Blood protein testing
o Tumor marker test
o Circulation tumor cell tests
Imaging Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o CT Scans
o MRI
o X-ray
o Ultrasound
o Mammogram
o Nuclear medicine scans
Endoscopy Diagnostic Tests - Correct Answer o Bronchoscopy
