Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 7th Edition
By Bryan Kolb, Ian Whishaw (Test Bank)
The Brain Hypothesis - ANSWER The brain is the source of behavior
The neuron hypothesis - ANSWER The unit of brain structure and function is the
neuron. Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain and work as its functional units. A
neuron sends electrical signals along the dendrites and axons by chemical means.
Communication happens via synapse. Neurons are plastic.
Cortex, brainstem, spinal cord - ANSWER Gyri line the outer layer of the cortex.
Can be viewed on lateral view of left hemisphere.
Orientation pairings - ANSWER Anterior/posterior (face to back of head),
Dorsal/ventral (top of the head to neck), Rostral/caudal (head to tail), Proximal/distal
(close and far)
medial view of brain - ANSWER sagittal slice, shows corpus colossum in center
dorsal view of brain - ANSWER from the top, looking down at the Gyri on top of the
frontal and parietal lobes. Can identify left and right hemispheres.
Lobes of the brain - ANSWER frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
motor cortex and somatosensory cortex - ANSWER -Both on top of cortex
-Adjacent cells on motor cortex activate adjacent muscles in body
-Adjacent cells on somatosensory cortex respond to adjacent receptors on skin
-separated by the central sulcus
Neuroimaging - ANSWER sophisticated computer-aided procedure that allows
nonintrusive examination of nervous system structure and function. It allows imaging
of the brain en vivo.
Types:
- CT scan (computerized tomography)
-PET scan (position emission tomography)
-MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
-DTI Tractography (diffusor tensor imaging)
Functional hierarchy of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system - ANSWER
(Spinal Cord --> Brainstem --> Forebrain) Each successively higher level of the
nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior. Forebrain above
brainstem above spinal cord. When higher levels are damaged, behavior becomes
simpler, less evolved.
Ex: Patient H.M. case study where patient had part of the temporal lobe removed to
treat epilepsy. He experienced partial amnesia as a result and was able to learn
motor skills, but was unable to remember acquiring that skill and multiple memory
systems.
,Patient HM - ANSWER A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe
structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories. When he had both
hippocampi (of the temporal lobe) removed, he was able to learn motor skills, but
inhibition in memory.
His case established that memory is a distinct cerebral function, separable from
other perceptual and cognitive abilities, and identified the medial aspect of the
temporal lobe as important for memory.
He could remember some things — scenes from his childhood, some facts about his
parents, and historical events that occurred before his surgery — but he was unable
to form new memories.
binding problem - ANSWER How does sensation in specific channels , whether
touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste combine into perceptions that translate as a
unified experience which is what we call reality?
Utilizing the visual cortex, dorsal stream, and ventral stream, the brain links features
together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or
miscombined features. Dorsal stream is the pathway in charge of localizing where
stimuli are in space and the ventral stream identifies which stimuli we are looking at.
The binding problem is at which stage of this hierarchy do things get integrated?
passive options:
1) A critical hub receives inputs from cortical areas and bind into a unitary perception
2) Interconnected cortical areas receive inputs, modify, and shares them back by
means of reentry
Sections of the brain (slices) - ANSWER - (mid)sagittal section - slice down the
forehead, nose, and chin (left and right sections remain.
-Coronal section - Cut the ears so that front and back pieces remain. After slicing,
the piece looks like a crown
-Horizontal/axial section - slice along cheek bones so that top and bottom pieces
remain
lateral view of the brain - ANSWER side view of the whole brain (sliced is medial
view)
lateral pairings of the brain - ANSWER -Bilateral (both sides)
-Contralateral (Opposite sides)
-Ipsilateral (same side)
Break down of the nervous system - ANSWER The nervous system is the body's
fast, electrochemical communication network.
1. Central Nervous system
Lies within boney encasements (skull & bones)
Limited Self-repair
-Brain
, -Spinal Cord
-Limited self-repair
2. Peripheral Nervous system
-outside the bones-- lacking protection, divisions are more vulnerable to injury (than
in CNS), but can renew themselves after injury by growing new axons and dendrites
(more self repair)
-Somatic (motor and touch)
-Autonomic
a)sympathetic
b)parasympathetic
primitive developing brain - ANSWER A series of enlargements at the end of the
embryonic spinal cord. 3 regions:
Prosencephalon (forebrain) - Breaks into telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and
diencephalon for mammalian fetus. On outside curve (rostral-most part of the brain)
controls body temp, reproductive functions, eat, sleep, display of emotion
Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Does not change going into mammalian fetus;
responsible for hearing/vision, middle of sections.
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - breaks into metencephalon (across brain) and
myelencephalon (spinal cord) going into mammalian fetus, turns into cerebellum,
pons, fourth ventricle, medulla oblongata, and fourth ventricle going into fully
developed brain; responsible for movement/balance, closest to the spinal cord
(most-caudal part)
Telencephalon --> neocrotex, basal ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral
ventricles --> forebrain
Diencephalon -->thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle --> brainstem
Mesencephalon --> tectum, tegmentum, cerevral aqueduct --> brainstem
Metencephalon --> cerebellum, pons, fourth ventricle --> brainstem
Myelencephalon --> medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle --> brainstem
Spinal cord
afferent vs efferent - ANSWER Afferent carries sensory impulses toward the brain
(from skin/sensory centers to brain)
Efferent carries motor impulses away from the brain (en route from the brain to
muscles and localized areas around the body)
Brain cell development - ANSWER Starts as a stem cell --> proliferation, some die
and some become--> mature stem cell = progenitor cell --> neuroblast(--> neurons)
or glioblast(--> glial cells)
By Bryan Kolb, Ian Whishaw (Test Bank)
The Brain Hypothesis - ANSWER The brain is the source of behavior
The neuron hypothesis - ANSWER The unit of brain structure and function is the
neuron. Neurons are the nerve cells of the brain and work as its functional units. A
neuron sends electrical signals along the dendrites and axons by chemical means.
Communication happens via synapse. Neurons are plastic.
Cortex, brainstem, spinal cord - ANSWER Gyri line the outer layer of the cortex.
Can be viewed on lateral view of left hemisphere.
Orientation pairings - ANSWER Anterior/posterior (face to back of head),
Dorsal/ventral (top of the head to neck), Rostral/caudal (head to tail), Proximal/distal
(close and far)
medial view of brain - ANSWER sagittal slice, shows corpus colossum in center
dorsal view of brain - ANSWER from the top, looking down at the Gyri on top of the
frontal and parietal lobes. Can identify left and right hemispheres.
Lobes of the brain - ANSWER frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
motor cortex and somatosensory cortex - ANSWER -Both on top of cortex
-Adjacent cells on motor cortex activate adjacent muscles in body
-Adjacent cells on somatosensory cortex respond to adjacent receptors on skin
-separated by the central sulcus
Neuroimaging - ANSWER sophisticated computer-aided procedure that allows
nonintrusive examination of nervous system structure and function. It allows imaging
of the brain en vivo.
Types:
- CT scan (computerized tomography)
-PET scan (position emission tomography)
-MRI scan (magnetic resonance imaging)
-DTI Tractography (diffusor tensor imaging)
Functional hierarchy of the vertebrate peripheral nervous system - ANSWER
(Spinal Cord --> Brainstem --> Forebrain) Each successively higher level of the
nervous system controls more complex aspects of behavior. Forebrain above
brainstem above spinal cord. When higher levels are damaged, behavior becomes
simpler, less evolved.
Ex: Patient H.M. case study where patient had part of the temporal lobe removed to
treat epilepsy. He experienced partial amnesia as a result and was able to learn
motor skills, but was unable to remember acquiring that skill and multiple memory
systems.
,Patient HM - ANSWER A patient who, because of damage to medial temporal lobe
structures, was unable to encode new declarative memories. When he had both
hippocampi (of the temporal lobe) removed, he was able to learn motor skills, but
inhibition in memory.
His case established that memory is a distinct cerebral function, separable from
other perceptual and cognitive abilities, and identified the medial aspect of the
temporal lobe as important for memory.
He could remember some things — scenes from his childhood, some facts about his
parents, and historical events that occurred before his surgery — but he was unable
to form new memories.
binding problem - ANSWER How does sensation in specific channels , whether
touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste combine into perceptions that translate as a
unified experience which is what we call reality?
Utilizing the visual cortex, dorsal stream, and ventral stream, the brain links features
together so that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or
miscombined features. Dorsal stream is the pathway in charge of localizing where
stimuli are in space and the ventral stream identifies which stimuli we are looking at.
The binding problem is at which stage of this hierarchy do things get integrated?
passive options:
1) A critical hub receives inputs from cortical areas and bind into a unitary perception
2) Interconnected cortical areas receive inputs, modify, and shares them back by
means of reentry
Sections of the brain (slices) - ANSWER - (mid)sagittal section - slice down the
forehead, nose, and chin (left and right sections remain.
-Coronal section - Cut the ears so that front and back pieces remain. After slicing,
the piece looks like a crown
-Horizontal/axial section - slice along cheek bones so that top and bottom pieces
remain
lateral view of the brain - ANSWER side view of the whole brain (sliced is medial
view)
lateral pairings of the brain - ANSWER -Bilateral (both sides)
-Contralateral (Opposite sides)
-Ipsilateral (same side)
Break down of the nervous system - ANSWER The nervous system is the body's
fast, electrochemical communication network.
1. Central Nervous system
Lies within boney encasements (skull & bones)
Limited Self-repair
-Brain
, -Spinal Cord
-Limited self-repair
2. Peripheral Nervous system
-outside the bones-- lacking protection, divisions are more vulnerable to injury (than
in CNS), but can renew themselves after injury by growing new axons and dendrites
(more self repair)
-Somatic (motor and touch)
-Autonomic
a)sympathetic
b)parasympathetic
primitive developing brain - ANSWER A series of enlargements at the end of the
embryonic spinal cord. 3 regions:
Prosencephalon (forebrain) - Breaks into telencephalon (cerebral hemispheres) and
diencephalon for mammalian fetus. On outside curve (rostral-most part of the brain)
controls body temp, reproductive functions, eat, sleep, display of emotion
Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Does not change going into mammalian fetus;
responsible for hearing/vision, middle of sections.
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - breaks into metencephalon (across brain) and
myelencephalon (spinal cord) going into mammalian fetus, turns into cerebellum,
pons, fourth ventricle, medulla oblongata, and fourth ventricle going into fully
developed brain; responsible for movement/balance, closest to the spinal cord
(most-caudal part)
Telencephalon --> neocrotex, basal ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral
ventricles --> forebrain
Diencephalon -->thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle --> brainstem
Mesencephalon --> tectum, tegmentum, cerevral aqueduct --> brainstem
Metencephalon --> cerebellum, pons, fourth ventricle --> brainstem
Myelencephalon --> medulla oblongata, fourth ventricle --> brainstem
Spinal cord
afferent vs efferent - ANSWER Afferent carries sensory impulses toward the brain
(from skin/sensory centers to brain)
Efferent carries motor impulses away from the brain (en route from the brain to
muscles and localized areas around the body)
Brain cell development - ANSWER Starts as a stem cell --> proliferation, some die
and some become--> mature stem cell = progenitor cell --> neuroblast(--> neurons)
or glioblast(--> glial cells)
