TEST BANK For Huether and McCance's Understanding
Pathophysiology, Canadian 2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean
Total body water (TBW) - ANSWER:the sum of fluids within all body compartments
Intracellular fluid - ANSWER:all the fluid within cells, about 2/3 of TBW
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANSWER:all the fluid outside the cells (about 1/3 of TBW)
What are the two main compartments of extracellular fluid? - ANSWER:interstitial
fluid (the space between cells and outside the blood vessels) and intravascular fluid
(blood plasma)
Other ECF compartments are there? - ANSWER:lymph and transcellular fluids
(synovial, intestinal, cerebral spinal, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and
intraocular)
Why do people with more body fat have proportionately less TBW and tend to be
more susceptible to dehydration? - ANSWER:Fat is hydrophobic and very little water
is contained in adipose cells
How is fluid distribution maintained? - ANSWER:hydrostatic pressure (pushes water)
and osmotic pressure (pulls water)
What is an average infants TBW? - ANSWER:75%
What is an average adult male's TBW? - ANSWER:60%
What is an average adult female's TBW? - ANSWER:50%
What is an average older adult's TBW? - ANSWER:45-55%
Why do the elderly have lower TBW? - ANSWER:decreased muscle mass
increased fat%
decreased ability to regulate fluid levels (thrist and renal function)
What are the primary sources of body water? - ANSWER:water obtained by drinking,
ingested in food and derived from oxidative metabolism
Normally, the largest amounts of water are lost through... - ANSWER:renal excretion,
with lesser amounts lost through stool and through vaporization from the skin and
lungs
, Symptoms of dehydration in newborn infants include: - ANSWER:increased thirst,
decreased urine output, decreased body weight, decreased skin elasticity, sunken
fontanels, absent tears, dry mucous membranes, increased heart rate and irritability
Which plasma protein doesn't move across the capillary membrane and is
responsible for generating plasma oncotic pressure? - ANSWER:Albumin
As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end of the capillary, which four forces
determine if fluid moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial space (filtration)
or if fluid moves back into the capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)? -
ANSWER:1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
Osmolality - ANSWER:The number of electrolytes present in the body water
(concentration). The proportion of solute to solvent, or the amount of electrolytes
compared with the volume of water in any compartment
What happens when there is lower osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? -
ANSWER:Water moves from the compartment with lower osmolality to the
compartment with higher osmolality until osmotic equilibrium is reestablished.
(osmosis)
What are the dominant ions of the ECF (interstitial and intravascular) and ICF? -
ANSWER:Sodium and Potassium
How much of the sodium is contained in the ECF (interstitial and intravascular)
spaces? - ANSWER:90%
How much of the potassium is contained in the ICF? - ANSWER:98%
Net filtration - ANSWER:the movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary
wall
Starling hypothesis - ANSWER:Net filtration = forces favoring filtration minus forces
opposing filtration
Edema - ANSWER:excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
Causes of edema - ANSWER:-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous
obstruction, excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or surgical removal ie. mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability (inflammatory/immune response)
Manifestations of edema - ANSWER:-Swelling and puffiness
Pathophysiology, Canadian 2nd Edition by Kelly Power-Kean
Total body water (TBW) - ANSWER:the sum of fluids within all body compartments
Intracellular fluid - ANSWER:all the fluid within cells, about 2/3 of TBW
Extracellular fluid (ECF) - ANSWER:all the fluid outside the cells (about 1/3 of TBW)
What are the two main compartments of extracellular fluid? - ANSWER:interstitial
fluid (the space between cells and outside the blood vessels) and intravascular fluid
(blood plasma)
Other ECF compartments are there? - ANSWER:lymph and transcellular fluids
(synovial, intestinal, cerebral spinal, sweat, urine, pleural, peritoneal, pericardial and
intraocular)
Why do people with more body fat have proportionately less TBW and tend to be
more susceptible to dehydration? - ANSWER:Fat is hydrophobic and very little water
is contained in adipose cells
How is fluid distribution maintained? - ANSWER:hydrostatic pressure (pushes water)
and osmotic pressure (pulls water)
What is an average infants TBW? - ANSWER:75%
What is an average adult male's TBW? - ANSWER:60%
What is an average adult female's TBW? - ANSWER:50%
What is an average older adult's TBW? - ANSWER:45-55%
Why do the elderly have lower TBW? - ANSWER:decreased muscle mass
increased fat%
decreased ability to regulate fluid levels (thrist and renal function)
What are the primary sources of body water? - ANSWER:water obtained by drinking,
ingested in food and derived from oxidative metabolism
Normally, the largest amounts of water are lost through... - ANSWER:renal excretion,
with lesser amounts lost through stool and through vaporization from the skin and
lungs
, Symptoms of dehydration in newborn infants include: - ANSWER:increased thirst,
decreased urine output, decreased body weight, decreased skin elasticity, sunken
fontanels, absent tears, dry mucous membranes, increased heart rate and irritability
Which plasma protein doesn't move across the capillary membrane and is
responsible for generating plasma oncotic pressure? - ANSWER:Albumin
As plasma flow from the arterial to the venous end of the capillary, which four forces
determine if fluid moves out of the capillary and into the interstitial space (filtration)
or if fluid moves back into the capillary from the interstitial space (reabsorption)? -
ANSWER:1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)
2. Capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure
3. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
4. Interstitial oncotic pressure
Osmolality - ANSWER:The number of electrolytes present in the body water
(concentration). The proportion of solute to solvent, or the amount of electrolytes
compared with the volume of water in any compartment
What happens when there is lower osmolality in the extracellular fluid (ECF)? -
ANSWER:Water moves from the compartment with lower osmolality to the
compartment with higher osmolality until osmotic equilibrium is reestablished.
(osmosis)
What are the dominant ions of the ECF (interstitial and intravascular) and ICF? -
ANSWER:Sodium and Potassium
How much of the sodium is contained in the ECF (interstitial and intravascular)
spaces? - ANSWER:90%
How much of the potassium is contained in the ICF? - ANSWER:98%
Net filtration - ANSWER:the movement of fluid back and forth across the capillary
wall
Starling hypothesis - ANSWER:Net filtration = forces favoring filtration minus forces
opposing filtration
Edema - ANSWER:excessive accumulation of fluid within the interstitial spaces
Causes of edema - ANSWER:-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (venous
obstruction, excess volume, prolonged standing or vasodilation)
-Lowered plasma oncotic pressure
-Lymphatic channel obstruction (infection, or surgical removal ie. mastectomy)
-Increased capillary membrane permeability (inflammatory/immune response)
Manifestations of edema - ANSWER:-Swelling and puffiness
